Air Injection Studies for Enhanced Oil Recovery
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ABSTRACT
Conventionally, air injection has been used for recovery of heavy crude oil in the production field, but studies have shown that depletion of light crude oil in the reservoir leads to abandonment of such wells. Hence, this work studied the kinetics and combustion of light crude oil in-situ the reservoir to understand their potentials for high-pressure air injection (HPAI) enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
Advanced thermo-kinetic simulation and Pressure-VolumeTemperature tools (AKTS and PVTsim) were coupled with non-isothermal Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurements and Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC) for the studies.
The combustion and kinetics of three (3) light crude oils obtained from Offshore of Newfoundland, Canada were precisely described by the methods. It was observed that the crude with the lowest API of 30.214 had the lowest enthalpy change of 10.9 J/g and the highest onset oxidation temperature of 220 oC, while the crude with the highest API gravity of 46.963 had the highest enthalpy of 24.6 J/g and the lowest onset oxidation temperature of 140 oC.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover Page ……………………………………………………………………………………….I
Fly Page………………………………………………………………………………………….II
Title Page………………………………………………………………………………………..III
Declaration…………………………………………………………………………………… …IV
Certification……………………………………………………………………………………….V
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………. ..VI
Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………VII
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………….. … VIII
Table of Content……………………………………………………………………………………X
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………….XIII
List of Tables.……………………………………………………………………………………XV
List of Plate…………………………………………………………………………………….XVI
List of Appendices……………………………………………………………………………..XVII
Abbreviation, Definitions, Glossary and Symbols ………………………………………..…XVIII
1.0 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………..……………………..1
1.1 Preamble…………………………………………………………………………………..1
1.2 Problem statement……………….…………………………………………………………2
1.3 Justification of research……………………………………………………………………3
1.4 Aims and Objectives of Research…………………………………………………………4
1.5 Scope of Research …………………………………………………………………………..4
2.0 LITERATURE RVIEW……………………………………………………………………..6
2.1 Oil Recovery Processes….…………….…………………………………………………….6
2.1.1 Water drive reservoir……………………………………………..…………………7
2.1.2 Gas cap drive reservoir……………………………………………..………………7
2.1.3 Solution gas reservoir …………………………………………………..………….8
2.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) concept…………………………………………………..9
2.3 Enhanced Oil recovery (EOR) Methods…………………………………………………12
2.3.1 Hot water injection ………………………………………….…………..12
2.3.2 Steam injection (Huff and Puff)…..……………………………………….13
2.4 Air Injection for Enhanced Oil recovery (EOR)…………………………………………14
2.4.1 In-situ combustion ………………………………………………………15
2.4.2 Light oil air injection…………………………………………………….16
2.5 Kinetics of Thermal EOR …………………………………………………………………………………….16
2.5.1 Combustion reaction of crude oil …………………………………………………….17
2.5.2 Oxidation of sulphur containing crude oils…………………..………….18
2.5.3 Oxidation of mercaptans…………………………………………………20
2.5.4 Oxidation of aliphatic/cyclic suphides…………………………………20
2.5.5 Air injection for reservoir oxidation……………………………………21
2.5.6 Amount of Air Required for EOR……………………………………….21
2.6 Arrhenius Studies of EOR Kinetics …………………………………………………………………22
2.6.1 Arrhenius studies of EOR kinetics using O2 consumption
bases………………………………………………………………………………………….23
2.7 Kinetics of Iso-Conversional Methods ……………………………………………………………..25
2.7.1 Differential (Friedman’s) ……………………………………………………………..25
2.7.2 Ozawa-Flynn-Wall analysis …………………………………………………………..31
2.7.3 ASTM E698…………………………………………………………………………………32
2.8 Non Thermal Methods…………………………………………………………………………………….32
2.8.1 Vaporizing gas drive ……………………………………………………………………..35
2.8.2 Condensing gas drive ……………………………………………………………………36
2.8.3 Immiscible gas drive ……………………………………………………………………..37
2.9 Reservoir Fluid Studies and Experiment……………………………………………..38
2.9.1 Primary Tests…………………………………….………………………39
2.9.1.1 Specific gravity tests…………………………………….……….39
2.9.1.2 Gas-oil ratio tests……………………………………….……….40
2.9.2 Routine hydrocarbon oil routine tests ……………………………………41
2.9.2.1 Compositional analysis of reservoir fluids…………………………41
2.9.2.2 Constant composition expansion…………………………………….41
2.9.2.3 Differential Liberation tests……………………………………………..43
2.9.2.4 Separator tests………………………………………………………….44
2.9.2.5 Constant volume depletion tests (CVD).………………………….45
2.9.3 Special Laboratory PVT tests…………………………………………….47
2.9.3.1 Slim tube experiment……………………………………………..47
2.9.3.2 Swelling tests…………………………………………………………49
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS….……………………………………………………………….50
3.1 Material and Equipment………………………………………………………………….50
3.1.1 Materials and utilities….…………………………………………………..51
3.1.2 Equipment…………………………………………………………………52
3.1.3 Experimental Procedure ………………………………………………….52
3.1.4 Viscosity determination …………………………………………….……53
3.1.5 Specific heat capacity determination……………………………………..53
3.1.6 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) tests ……………..……….….54
3.1.7 Accelerating rate Calorimeter (ARC) tests………………………………..54
3.1.8 Mine tailings preparation…………………………………………………57
3.1.9 Mineral liberation analyser (MLA) for mine tailings studies……….……59
3.1.10 PVTSim19 and Design Expert software simulation for oil recovery
analysis……………………………………………………………………60
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION..…………………….…………………………………….61
4.1 Properties of crude oil………………………………………………………….……….61
4.2 Thermal behaviours of Crude Oils using DSC………………………………..………62
4.3 Thermal Kinetics of DSC Thermograms of Crude Oils..…………………….………..63
4.4 The use of Mine Tailings as catalysts in crude oil oxidation reaction……….…………76
4.5 Effect of Reservoir Conditions on Oil Recovery on Nigerian Oils……..….…………87
5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.……………..…………………………..91
5.1 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………….……..91
5.2 Recommendations……………………………………………………………….…….92
REFERENCES……..…………………………………………………………….…….………..93
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………………..
INTRODUCTION
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a tertiary recovery process which is normally applied after primary and secondary recovery, to mobilize oil trapped in pores by vicious capillary forces. Thermal, chemical, solvent and gases are the most common form of various EOR process (Isco, 2007)
Due to the decline of oil reserves caused by the rising oil production, and clamors for environmentally friendly practice in EOR techniques, petroleum engineers are currently driving EOR projects towards more efficient techniques. One of such efficient technique is the Air/Flue gas injection which is motivated by inexpensive source of air as well as environmentally friendly carbon-dioxide sequestration.
The motivation for the use of air as an injectant in the EOR project is because of its abundance, availability and low cost. It can simply be supplied by the use of a compressor, with overall project having low initial and operating cost in comparison to other EOR methods (JOGMEC, 2011).
Air for increasing oil recovery from reservoirs dates back to the 1940’s and early 1950’s (Hvizdos et al., 1983) and by the 1960s and 1970, about forty (40) in-situ full field or pilot projects had been undertaken throughout the world with North America topping such projects (Pwaga et al., 2010)
REFERENCES
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