Assessment of Eutrophication Level of Municipal Surface Water
– Assessment of Eutrophication Level of Municipal Surface Water –
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ABSTRACT
The level of some nutrient elements in Abuja surface water were investigated for six months to determine the eutrophication profile and make logical inference on the fate of surface water system in the nearest future.
Samplings were done monthly for a period of six months covering October to March and standard methods were used for the measurement of some nutrients constituting the indices of eutrophication.
The results showed high levels of microbial activities. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) showed high levels of pollution which varied with time and velocity of water current.
Other parameters investigated were chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate concentration, total dissolved solid (TDS), conductivity, algae count, temperature, pH, phosphate and potassium concentrations.
Maximum and minimum values of some eutrophication parameters in the sites were recorded as follows: BOD ( Orozo 38mg/L- 7.37mg/L, Gidan Mangoro 31.2mg/L- 5.08mg/L, Nyanya 32.4mg/L- 10.05mg/L, Wuse 40.30mg/L- 7.007mg/L, Jabi 26.50mg/L- 3.10mg/L).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Acknowledgement iv
Dedication v
Abstract vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Figures xi
Abbreviations, Definitions and Symbols xiii
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Causes of Eutrophication 3
1.1.1 Natural sources 3
1.1.2 Anthropogenic sources 5
1.2 Statement of Problem 6
CHAPTER TWO 7
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Factors Controlling Eutrophication 7
2.1.1 Algal bloom 8
2.1.2 Organic manure application 10
2.1.3 Water hyacinth invasion 12
2.1.4 Impact of erosion 12
2.2 Approaches to Controlling Eutrophication and Water Loss 13
2.2.1 Nutrient control 14
2.3 Urbanization and Eutrophication Profile 18
CHAPTER THREE 23
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 23
3.1 Sampling Sites 23
3.2 Sample Collection and Preservation 23
3.3 Measurement of Physical Parameters 26
CHAPTER FOUR 33
4.0 RESULTS 33
CHAPTER FIVE 53
5.0 DISCUSSION 53
5.1 BOD Concentrations 53
5.2 Nitrates 54
5.3 Total Dissolved Solid 55
5.4 Chemical Oxygen Demand 56
CHAPTER SIX 64
6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 64
6.1 Recommendations 65
REFERENCES 67
APPENDICES 72
INTRODUCTION
Eutrophication is the natural process whereby a confined water body (e.g. lake or dam) ages with time due to accumulation of silt or organic matter in the lake (Ademoroti, 1996).
A young lake is characterized by low nutrient level and consequently low plant productivity and at this stage is described as oligotrophic (few food) lake.
The water body gradually acquires inorganic and organic nutrient from catchment areas and these promote aquatic growth and increased biological productivity causing the lake to become murky with decaying organic matter and phytoplankton.
The water body is said to be eutrophic (well-fed) and consequently, the decaying organic matter depletes its available oxygen. Increase in the accumulation of silt and organic matter makes the water body shallower and sunlight penetrate slowly to the bottom, making the water warmer.
Plants take roots along the shallow edges and the lake slowly transforms into a marsh or swamp which may eventually lead to dry land (Ademoroti, 1996).
REFERENCES
Ababio, O.Y (1990) New School Chemistry. Africa- Fep Publishers Limited Onitsha, Nigeria. Pp 488.
Ademoroti, C.M.A. (1996) Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology. Foludex Press LTD Ibadan pp 46-49.
Ademoroti, C.M.A. (1996) Standard Methods For water effluents Analysis. Foludex Press LTD, Ibadan pp 28-29.
Akin-Oriola, G.A, (2003). On the Phytoplankton of Awba Reservoir, Ibadan, Nigeria.Revista De Biologia Tropica 51(1): 99-106
Anake, W.U, Ehi-Eromosele, C.O, Siyanbola, T.O, Adobor-Osoh, A, Adeniyi, I.O and Taiwo, O.S (2013). Physico-Chemical and Microbial Assessment of Different water sources in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Current research
5(07):1797-1801.Beata, M. Marta, P. Andrzej, R. Karolina, L. (2012). Epiphytic Diatom Community and Calcium Carbonate Cyrstals Characteristics of the Surface of Freshwater ulva Thalli. Str. 89, 61-614.
