Assessment of Potential Emission of Dioxin and Furan from Open Burning of Agricultural Waste in Biu Local

Filed in Articles by on July 27, 2022

Assessment of Potential Emission of Dioxin and Furan from Open Burning of Agricultural Waste in Biu Local

ABSTRACT  

Potential emission of dioxin and furan from open burning of agricultural crop residue Postharvest waste generated in Biu local government area of Borno state, Nigeria was estimated.

This is with a view to knowing the types, quantity and strength of these crop residues generated and the estimate of dioxin and furan released annually so that an inventory of UPOPs can be created. The method adopted was field survey and focus group discussion using a set of structured questions.

The total hectare of land cultivated for the selected crop type as contained in the UNEP standard toolkit from the host communities were estimated to be 1450ha. for the period of the study.

The study revealed that; maize, sorghum and rice were produced in large quantity in the area. For maize alone in ten communities, 140 tonnes of waste was generated, sorghum118 tonnes, millet 115 tonnes, rice 111 tonnes and cowpea 53 tonnes of waste was generated. The major waste management measure adopted is ‘open burning’.

The annual quantity of agricultural crop residues generated for burning in these communities was estimated to be 381 tons; the UNEP standard toolkit was used to categorize the crops based on their high chlorine content. 

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE ………….i
DECLARATION…………..ii
CERTIFICATION…………iii
DEDICATION ………………iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……….v
ABSTRACT…………………vii
TABLE OF CONTENT …………..viii
LIST OF FIGURES……….xii
LIST OF TABLES ………..xiii
LIST OF APPENDIX……….xiv
ACRONYMS………..xv

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………..1
1.1 Background To the Study……………………………………………………………………1
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem……………………………………………………………………………6
1.3 Aim And Objectives……………………………………………………………………….11
1.4 Scope of the Study…………………………………………………………………………11
1.5 Justification Of The Study……………………………………………………………………………………….12

CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW..13
2.1Conceptual framework……………………………………………………………………..13
2.1.1 Waste…………………………………………………………………………………….13
2.1.2 Waste management……………………………………………………………………………………………..14
2.1.3 Waste Reduction and Reuse …………………………………………………………….15
2.1.4 Waste Recycling…………………………………………………………………………16
2.15 Zero Waste……………………………………………………………………………….16
2.1.6 Agricultural crop waste………………………………………………………………………………………..18
2.1.7 Persistent organic pollutant…………………………………………………………………………………..19
2.1.8 Emission factor…………………………………………………………………………………………………..20
2.1.9 Doixins………………………………………………………………………………………………………………20
2.2 Literature review……………………………………………………………………………………………………21
2.2.1 Agricultural crop residue ……………………………………………………………………………………..21
2.2.2 Benefit of agricultural crop residue use in Nigeria…………………………………………………..21
2.2.3 Biomass resource in Nigeria…………………………………………………………………………………26
2.2.4 Agricultural waste management …………………………………………………………………………..28
2.2.5 Open burning ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..29
2.3 Dioxin and furan……………………………………………………………………………………………………31
2.3.1 Dioxin in the environment……………………………………………………………….32
2.3.2 Sources of PCDD/PCDF………………………………………………………………….34
2.3.2.1 Natural sources of PCDD/PCDF……………………………………………………….34
2.3.2.2 Primary sources of PCDD/PCDF……………………………………………………. .35
2.3.2.3 Secondary sources of PCDD/PCDF……………………………………………………36
2.4 Dioxin routes of exposure……………………………………………………………. . . . 37
2.5 Food and feedstuff regulations…………………………………………………………….39
2.6 Human exposure and levels of exposure in human………………………………………..40
2.6.1 PCDD/PCDF in humans…………………………………….. . …………………………40
2.6.2 Population group at higher level of exposure……………………………………………41
2.6.3 Absorption……………………………………………………………………………….42
2.6.4 Distribution………………………………………………………………………………42
2.6.5 Metabolism and excretion………………………………………………………………..42
2.6.6 Health effects…………………………………………………………………………….43
2.6.7 Effects in humans………………………………………………………………………..44
2.6.7.1 Toxicological effects…………………………………………………………………..44
2.6.7.2 Carcinogenic effects……………………………………………………………………44
2.6.7.3 Toxic Effects in Humans Other than Carcinogenicity…………………………………46
2.7 Health Risk Evaluation……………………………………………………………………47
2.8 Bio monitor………………………………………………………………………………..48
2.9 Dioxin inventories in Nigeria…………………………………………………………….. 55

CHAPTER THREE: STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY …………………………..57
3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………57
3.2 Study Area. . . ……………………………………………………………………………..57
3.2.1 Location …………………………………………………………………………………57
3.2.2 Climate ………………………………………………………………………………….59
3.2.3.Geology and Drainage…………………………………………………………………..59
3.2.4 Relief ……………………………………………………………………………………60
3.2.5 Soil and vegetation ……………………………………………………………………..60
3.2.6 Population ………………………………………………………………………………61
3.2.7 Socio Economic Activities …………………………………………………………….61
3.3 Methodology …………………………………………………………………………….62
3.3.1Reconaissance Survey ………………………………………………………………….62
3.3.2 Types of Data Required ……………………………………………………………….62
3.3.3 Source of Data …………………………………………………………………………62
3.3.4 Primary Source of Data ……………………………………………………………….62
3.3.5 Secondary Source of Data …………………………………………………………….62
3.3.6 Sampling Design………………………………………………………………………63
3.3.7 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………….63

CHAPTER FOUR:RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………….66
4.1 Introduction. …………………………………………………………………………….66
4.2 Hectares of land and crop types in the study area ………………………………………66
4.3 Quantity of Agricultural Crop Residue Generated in the Study Area……………………67
4.4 Disposal Mechanism Adopted in the Study Area………………………………………..69
4.5 Types of agricultural crop residue categorized in the UNEP standard toolkit……………71
4.6 Quantity of Dioxin Emitted……………………………………………………………….72

CHAPTER FIVE:SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ……..83
5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….83
5.2 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………83
5.3 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………….. .84
5.4 Recommendations ……………………………………………………………………….85
5.4.1 Recommendation for Policy Makers …………………………………………………..86
Reference ……………………………………………………………………………………88

INTRODUCTION  

Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that products produced for the market) for which the initial user has no purpose of production, transformation or consumption, and of which the user wants to dispose.

Waste may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials, into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities, (UNSD, 1997).

Miller (1980) defined waste as substances and materials that are disposed of according to the provision of natural law.

Zero waste America (2003) also defines waste as a resource that is not safely recycled back into the environment or market place.

Waste (residue, trash, refuse, garbage, Junk or litter) is an unwanted or useless material (ISWA and UNEP, 2002).

The compositions of different wastes have varied over time and location, with industrial development and innovation being directly linked to waste materials.

There are three types of waste which include; solid, liquid and gas, these wastes are also classified into various category, which are industrial, domestic, commercial, institutional, and agricultural wastes.

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