Assessment of the 2012 Flooding in Mararaba Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Filed in Articles by on July 4, 2022

Assessment of the 2012 Flooding in Mararaba Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT

Flooding due to extreme rain events in urban environments is a problem and a growing concern. Urban flooding has become more frequent due to a number of factors including climate change with the different patterns of precipitation, urban growth and an increase in paved surfaces.

Recent flood disasters in Mararaba sub-urban area has claimed some  lives, damaged properties and threatened the socio economic live of residents.

It has therefore become important to create easily read, rapidly accessible flood hazard map, which will prioritize the mitigation effects.

The aim of this study is to assess the 2012 flooding in Mararaba sub-urban area and also identify parts of the study areas that are prone to flooding using GIS based tool.

LULC map was prepared using Remote sensing technique of visual interpretation to identify eight classes of land use land cover from the 2005 Spot 5 satellite imagery in a GIS environment.

Soil Conservation Service (SCS) model was used to determine the rainfall-runoff relationship of the study in ILWIS environment. Daily rainfall data, SPOT 5 satellite Imagery (5m resolution), Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and soil texture maps were used as input for the runoff modeling.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                       i

Declaration                 ii

Certification               iii

Acknowledgments            iv

Abstract                   v

Table of content           vi

List of Figures              x

List of Tables                  xi

List of Appendices                xii

Abbreviations and Symbols         xiii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

  • Background of the Study 1
  • Statement of the Research Problem 5
  • Aim and Objectives of the Study 9
  • Justification of Study 9

1.4  Limitation of the study               10

  • Scope of the Study 11
  • Organization and Presentation of the Study 11

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

  • Flooding 12
    • Definition of Flooding 12
    • Types of Flooding 13
  • Impact of Climate Change on Floods 15
  • Urbanization and Floods 17
  • Factors Contributing to Urban Floods 18
  • Runoff 20
    • Types of Runoff 22
    • Impact of Urbanization on Rainfall Runoff 23
  • Rainfall Runoff Modeling 24
  • Runoff Model Classification 26
    • Empirical / Black Box Model 28
    • Physical Base Model 29
    • Conceptual Models 30
  • Soil conservation Service Model (SCS) Model 30
    • Soil 33
    • Antecedent Moisture Condition (AMC) 34
  • Flood Risk Management 35
  • Application of Remote Sensing / GIS in Flood Analysis 36

CHAPTER THREE: STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY

  • The Study Area 39
    • Location and Extent 39
    • Climate 41
    • Soil type and Vegetation 42
    • Geology and Drainage 43
    • Economic Activities 43
  • Methodology 44
    • Reconnaissance Survey 44
    • Type and Sources of Data 45
    • Hardware and Software 46
  • Methods of Data Analysis 46
    • Land Use Land Cover Classification 46
    • The Rainfall-runoff Relationships of the Study Area 48
    • Method Adapted for generating the flood Hazard map 49

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

  • Introduction 51
  • Land Use Land Cover Characteristics 51
  • Rainfall Run off Relationship 53
  • Flood Hazard of the study Area 59
    • Very Low Flood Hazard Area 60
    • Low Flood Hazard 60
    • Moderate Flood Hazard 60
    • High Flood Hazard 62
    • Very High Flood Hazard 62

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Flooding is a general temporal condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry areas from overflow of inland or tidal waters or from unusual and rapid accumulation of runoff (Jeb and Aggarwal, 2008).

Floods are the most common natural disasters that affect societies around the world. Dilley et al., (2005) estimated that more than one-third of the world‟s land area is flood prone affecting some 82 percent of the world‟s population.

The reason lies in the widespread geographical distribution of river flood plains and low-lying coasts, together with their long standing attraction for human settlement.

Floods are natural phenomena, but they become a cause for serious concern when they exceed the coping capacities of affected communities, destroying lives and damaging property.

They affect settlement of all types, from small villages and mid- sized market towns and service canters to major cities and metropolitan.

In many regions of the world, people moving from rural areas to cities, or within cities, often settle in areas that are highly exposed to flooding thereby making them highly vulnerable if there is no flood defence mechanism (Jha et al., 2012).

REFERENCES

Ishaya S.,Ifatimnehi .O.O.,and Obaje I.B(2009). Mapping Flood Vulnerability Areas in a Developing Urban Center of Nigeria. Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa. Volum II No. 4
Itodo, D. (2012). Two die in Mararaba Rainstorm. DailyTrust.
Jak M. and Kok M. (2000). A database of historical flood events in the Netherlands. Flood Issues in Contemporary Water Management. Ed: Watt, et al., (eds). NATO Science Series 2, Environmental Security, 71, Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Jeb, D. N and Aggarwal, S.P (2008), “Flood inundation hazard modeling of the River Kaduna using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems”, Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 4 (12).
Jeyaseelan, A T, (1999), “Droughts and floods assessment and monitoring using remote sensing and GIS”, Satellite Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Agricultural Meteorology, pages 291-313.
Jha, A.K., Bloch, R. and Lamond, J. (2012): Cities and Flooding – A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. The World Bank, Washington DC. 
Kaufmann R K, Seto K C, Schneider A, Liu Z, Zhou L and Wang W 2007 Climate response to rapid urban growth: evidence of a human-induced precipitation deficit. Journal of Climatology 299–306

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