Assessment of the Effect of Brisk Walking on Anthropometric and Body Composition Indices of Obese Female Adults

Filed in Articles by on July 31, 2022

Assessment of the effect of Brisk Walking on Anthropometric and Body Composition Indices of Obese Female Adults.

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to assess the effect of brisk walking on anthropometric and body composition indices of obese female adults in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria.

To achieve this purpose repeated measure research design was used for this study. The population for the research was obese female adults of Kaduna metropolis.

Using purposive sampling, 17 obese female adults with body mass index between 30.0 and 39.9 kg/m2 and ages of 40 – 50 years who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for this study. There were 3 attritions leaving 14 participants in the group.

The training group was subjected to, brisk walking for 30-50 minutes with 10 and 5 minutes of warm up and cool down activities respectively. The exercise programme was conducted on 3 alternate days per week for 12 weeks.

Body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, visceral adipose fat, percent body fat and lean muscle mass were measured at base-line, immediately after the 6th and 12th week of training period.

The descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation and standard error of means were used to analyze the data of the physical characteristics of the participants.

Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess the effect of training on all the assessed variables while post hoc Bonferroni Multiple comparison was used to evaluate the effect of the training on the variables.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page               ii

Declaration        iii

Certification          iv

Dedication                     v

Acknowledgements            vi

Abstract                      vii

Table of contents              viii

List of tables                     xi

List of figures                          xii

List of appendices                          xiii

Operational definition of terms            xiv

Abbreviations                   xv

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

  • Background of the Study 1
  • Statement of the Problem 5
  • Research Question 8
  • Purpose of the Study 8
  • Basic Assumptions 9
  • Hypotheses 9
    • Major Hypothesis 9
    • Sub – Hypotheses 9
  • Significance of the Study         10
  • Delimitation of the Study         12

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

  • Introduction
  • Body fat Pattern
  • Total Body Weight
  • Body Mass Index
  • Waist Circumference 19
  • Waist-Hip-Ratio       22
  • Body composition 25
  • Visceral Adipose Fat     25
  • Percent Body Fat 26
  • Lean muscle mass 28
  • Effect of brisk walking on body fat patterns of female adults 29
    • Effect of brisk walking on total body weight
    • Effect of brisk walking on body mass index 29
    • Effect of brisk walking on waist circumference 32
    • Effect of brisk walking on waist-to-hip ratio 33
  • Effect of brisk walking on body composition 34
      • Effect of brisk walking on visceral fat 35
      • Effect of brisk walking on percent body fat 37
      • Effect of brisk walking on lean muscle mass 38
  • Physiological Modification of Obesity during Brisk Walking 38
    • Brisk walking prescription for obese individuals 39
      • Moderate Exercise Intensity 41
      • Target Heart Rate and Estimated Maximum Heart Rate 41
      • Perceived Exertion (Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale) 42
      • Metabolic Equivalents 42
      • Talk Test 43
  • Summary 44

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

  • Introduction 48
  • Research Design 48
  • Population 48
  • Sample and Sampling Techniques 48
  • Research Instruments 49
  • Procedures for Data Collection 49
    • Informed Consent 49
    • Research Assistants 50
    • Testing sequence 50
    • Anthropometric and body composition measurement 51
  • Training Protocol/Procedure 55
  • Procedures for Data Analyses 56

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  • Introduction 58
  • Results 58
  • Testing of Hypotheses          63
  • Discussion 73

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  • Summary 79
  • Conclusions 80
  • Contribution to knowledge         81
  • Limitations of study 82
  • Recommendations 82
  • Suggestions for Further Studies 83

REFERENCES 84

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Life-style is generally considered a personal issue. However, World Health Organization (WHO) (2016b), reported a strong correlation between mortality rate and lifestyle practices globally.

One of such lifestyle practices is physical inactivity or sedentary living which was highlighted as one of the causes of obesity, leading to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and other related problems (Ding, Rogers, Van der Ploeg, Stamatakis &, Bauman, 2015; WHO, 2016b).

Experts in nutrition stressed that obesity is difficult to define qualitatively; but it is generally accepted that anyone who has a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater  than 30kg/m2 is obese (Kent, 2005; WHO, 2016b).

It generally results from a chronic imbalance between energy intake and expenditure resulting in weight gain mostly as fat (Ahima, 2010).

Globally, there has been an increased intake of energy-dense foods that are high in fat; and an increase in physical inactivity due to the increasing sedentary nature of many forms of work, changing modes of transportation and increasing urbanization (WHO, 2016b).

Changes in dietary and physical activity patterns are often the result of environmental and societal changes associated with development and lack of supportive policies in sectors such as health, agriculture, transport, urban planning, environmental, food processing, distribution and marketing as well as education (WHO, 2016b).

REFERENCES

Nicklas B. J., Wang X., You T., Lyles M. F., Demons J., Easter L., Berry M. J., Lenchik L., Carr J. J. (2009). Effect of exercise intensity on abdominal fat loss during calorie restriction in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 89 (4); 1043-1052
Oda E (2008). The metabolic syndrome as a concept of adipose tissue disease. Hypertension Research 31: 1283–1291.doi:10.1091/hyper.31.1283
Oladimeji A. M., Fawole O.,Nguku P. & Nsubuga P. (2012) Prevalence and factors Associated with hypertension and obesity among civil servants in Kaduna, Kaduna State. Pan African Medical Journal 18(1): 13
Omron Healthcare, Inc. (2008). www.omronhealthcare.com
Persinger R., Foster C., Gibson M, Fater D.C., & Porcari J. P. (2004). Consistency of the talk test for exercise prescription. Medical Science Sports Exercise. 36 (9): 1632-6.
Pischon T., Boeing H., Hoffmann K., Bergmann M., Schulze M.B. & Overvad P. H.K., et al. (2008) General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. New England Journal of Medicine 359: 2105–2120

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