Cost Evaluation of Road Traffic Accident In Nigeria Using Human Capital Approach
– Cost Evaluation of Road Traffic Accident In Nigeria Using Human Capital Approach –
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ABSTRACT
Nigeria experiences the highest rate of road traffic accidents resulting in fatalities and various levels of injuries.
On Abuja-Lokoja road, traffic accident takes the lion’s share of the risk having highest number of vehicular accidents with corresponding fatalities and injuries which has a great impact on cost and the socio-economic development of the society.
It is therefore necessary to gauge the monetary value of these losses in order to highlight the extent of damage incurred to society as a whole.
This research is focused on using Gross-Output Model or Human Capital Approach to compute the cost of traffic accident on Abuja-Lokoja road.
The aim of this research is to formulate a model that can be used for estimating the total cost of road accidents at all levels of severity.
The extent of injury levels, property damaged and general cost resulting from an accident using secondary data were obtained from the Polices, Research and Statistics department of the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) for a period of eleven years (2000-2010).
The research was carried out with the aid of questionnaires and interview. The data collected were analyzed using the percentage frequency distribution table and the result was used to cost the property damage cost and the medical cost.
The accident cost was decomposed and quantified based on the accident severity levels.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
Title Page i
Dedication ii
Declaration iii
Certification iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vii
Table of Contents x
List of Tables xiii
List of Figures xv
List of Plate xvi
List of Abbreviation xvii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study 4
1.4 Scope and Limitation 5
1.5 Research Justification6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Background 7
2.2Evolution of Road Transportation in Nigeria 7
2.3 Social Economic and Development Importance of Road Transport 9
2.4 Menace of Road Accidents in Nigeria 10
2.5 Significanceof Costing Road Accident 13
2.6 Method that can be used to cost Road Accident 15
2.6.1 The “Gross Output” (or Human Capital) Approach 16
2.6.2 The “Net Output” Approach 16
2.6.3 The “Life-Insurance” Approach 17
2.6.4 The “Court Award” Approach 17
2.6.5 The “Implicit Public Sector Valuation” Approach 17
2.6.6 The “Value of Risk Change” or “Willingness to pay” Approach 18
2.7 Advantages of Gross Output Approach 19
2.8 Causes of Road Traffic Accident 20
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials 23
3.2 Methold 25
3.2.1 Location of the Study and the Condition of the Pavement 25
3.2.2 Data Collection 26
3.2.3 Technology Data Collection 26
3.24 Method of Data Analysis 26
3.2.5 Problem Encountered in the Field 27
3.2.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation 28
3.2.7 Data for Medical Cost of Accident 30
3.2.8 Vehicle Repair Cost 47
3.2.9 Loss of Productivity 48
3.2.10 Cost of Medical Treatment 50
3.2.11 Police Administrative Costs 53
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.2 Sum to Reflect Pain, Grief, and Suffering 54
4.3 Volume of Road Traffic Accident 54
4.4 Calculation 61
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions 69
5.2 Recommendations 70
References 71
INTRODUCTION
Background to the study
Accident can be defined as an unpleasant incident that happens unexpectedly; it can also be defined as an incident that happens by chance.
Road traffic accident is therefore an unexpected phenomenon that occurs as a result of the use or operation of vehicles, and trucks, on the highway, when a traffic accident occurs it may be fatal, resulting in deaths of road users (passenger, drivers, or pedestrians); serious when there is no deaths but a person is seriously injured, and minor when it is not serious enough as to cause substantial hardship.
When there is no fatality, serious injury, minor or slight injury and only vehicular damage or property damage occurs, it is referred to as damage only accident. Most citizens use the road at one point in time or the other, and therefore face a risk of road accident.
Through road accidents, hundreds of productive citizens die every year. By these, many families have lost their bread winners, many wives have become widows and many husbands rendered widowers, countless number of children have become orphans many songs of victory and jubilations had been turned into morning and wailing overnight.
Many dreams are shattered; plans and aspirations are laid to rest in the graves all in name of road accident. In Nigeria today according to the Inspector General of Police’s Statement(Atta, 1990), there are more reported cases of death on the road through road accidents than there are cases of murder, suicide or death by any atrocious crimes.
Road traffic accidents may at first seem to be a relatively unimportant problem to developing countries, such as Nigeria, when compared with the more obviously acute problems of malnutrition, education, poorly developed infrastructures, terrorism, Niger Delta militant and thuggery.
However, an analysis of causes of death in a number of countries in the developing world, including Nigeria, showed that deaths caused by motor vehicle accidents ranked third behind those caused by diseases and natural death (Akoto and Wiredu, 1986).
World Health Organization (WHO, 2004) sources indicate that Nigeria leads eleven other countries in the world in terms of accident involvement and severity.
REFERENCES
Abdullahi, B. (2008): Road Traffic Accidents: Pedestrian the most Affected. Journal ofSafety World, Volume 1, No 1, pg 22-24Adamu, S. O. and Alfa A.S. (1997): Road Traffic Accident: ModelNigerian Institute ofSocial and Economic Research, Ibadan. Pg 34-41.
Adebayo, F. (2007): Tackling Road Accident Crashes in Nigeria: Trainee Journal ofNigeria Institute of Transport Technology (NITT), Zaria. Vol 39, No 1, Pg.1-4.Adeoye, S. (2009): Marking up casualty Rate: Tell No 50, Pg. 40-48.
Akoto, B.K.A. and Wiredu, Y.K.S. (1986): Road Accident Statistics of various states ofNigeria:Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Road Accidents inDeveloping Countries (Ed Asalor et al), Joja Educational Research andPublisher Ltd, pg 3-20.
Al-Hinai O. (2005): United Nation General Assemble vertim Report meeting: 38section vol. 6760, pg 32 (retrieve 2008-07-09)Arokodare, L. (1978): Road Accident Data in Nigeria 1972 to 1975, Analysis andInterpretationof Nigeria Society of Engineers (NSE): July-December, pg 13-14.
Asian Development Bank (2003): “Road Accident Costing” in Road Safety Guidelinesfor theAsian and pacific region: Retrieved May 6TH 2009, http/www.adborg/Documents/Books/Road-Safety Guidelines Chap 4-14 pdf
Benson G.B. (1996): Cost Modelling for Road Accident in Nigeria: An UnpublishedM.Sc (Thesis), Civil Engineering Department,AhmaduBello University, Zaria.
