Design And Fabrication of Air Sampler In Air Quality Assessment For Selected Heavy Metals In Kaduna Metropolis
Design And Fabrication of Air Sampler In Air Quality Assessment For Selected Heavy Metals In Kaduna Metropolis.
ABSTRACT
Investigations were carried out for heavy metals composition of ambient air using a specialinstrument designed for this purpose. The lack of portable air sampler is a major obstacle toair pollution studies in Nigeria of recent.
As a remedy to this, a simplified air sampler wasdesigned and fabricated at the Water Resources and Environmental EngineeringDepartment.
Varied designs of this sampler were constructed and deployed for assessingthe air quality of some selected heavy metals in some commercial areas in Kadunametropolis such as Chechenia Market, Ahmadu Bello Way, Old and New Panteka.
Theinstrument was mounted in strategic locations free from interference by humans and othernatural factors. In accordance with standard methods, the trapped samples were washed inde-ionized water, diluted and digested and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer(AAS) for the heavy metals zinc (Zn) lead (Pb) and iron (Fe).
From the results ChecheniaMarket recorded mean values of Zn=1.55, Pb=0.00 and Fe=1.65 mg/l, Old Pantekarecorded mean values of Zn= 0.13, Pb=0.00, Fe=4.29 mg/l and New Panteka recordedmean values of Zn=3.05, Pb=0.02, Fe=2.37 mg/l.
These results were compared withnational and international standards of National Environmental Standards and RegulationsEnforcement Agency (NESREA) (2009) and the World Health Organization (WHO)(2011).
Pb showed low mean values in the rainy season while the mean values obtained inthe dry season were high. Zn and Fe maintained a fairly constant mean value though thevalues for Fe were high above recommended values of NESREA (2009)/WHO (2011).
Theresults showed that Zn and Fe were above the permissible limits while Pb was within thepermissible limit.
The presence of these heavy metals in these areas maybe from numerouson-going human activities such as smelting of metals, vehicle exhaust, wearing of brakepads, tire abrasion, road dust and burning of refuse, among others.
This investigation hashighlighted that these heavy metals fractions exist in the air around these parts of Kadunametropolis and they could be detrimental to human health.
Further studies arerecommended to determine the risks posed by these fractions and develop technologicaland management options for their reduction. Phasing out any remaining use of heavy metaladditives should be encouraged.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………………………………………….II
CERTIFICATION ………………………………………………………………………………………………… IV
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………………………………………..V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………………………………… VI
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..VII
TABLE OF CONTENT………………………………………………………………………………………..VIII
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………………………….XIII
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………………………………XV
LIST OF PLATES ……………………………………………………………………………………………… XVI
LIST OF APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………………..XVII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………………………..XVIII
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 HEAVY METALS IN NIGERIAN ENVIRONMENT………………………………………. 2
1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY………………………………………………………………………………. 4
1.3 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY……………………………………………………………………. 4
1.4 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM……………………………………………………. 5
1.5 JUSTIFICATION. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
1.6 AIM OF THE STUDY ………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
1.7 OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 URBAN VERSUS RURAL EMISSION SOURCES…………………………………………. 6
2.2 CONCENTRATIONS OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)……….. 9
2.3 TYPES OF PARTICULATE MATTER …………………………………………………………….. 13
2.2.2 ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE MATTER…………………………………………. 13
2.2.3 TYRE WEAR PARTICLES…………………………………………………………………… 14
2.3. BRAKE WEAR PARTICLES………………………………………………………………………. 15
2.3.1 PARTICLE EMISSION FACTORS…………………………………………………………… 15
2.3.2 PARTICLE COMPOSITION ……………………………………………………………………… 16
2.4 CLUTCH WEAR PARTICLES …………………………………………………………………… 17
2.5 CORROSION PARTICLES………………………………………………………………………… 18
2.6 ROAD SURFACE WEAR PARTICLES………………………………………………………. 18
2.7 RESUSPENDED DUST………………………………………………………………………………. 20
2.8 SOURCES OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT……. 22
2.8.1 CADMIUM …………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
2.8.2 NICKEL…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
2.8.3 MANGANESE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
2.8.4 CHROMIUM……………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
2.9 SOME SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS FOR HEAVY METALS DETERMINATION………………………………….. 25
2.9.1 CADMIUM…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
2.9.2 NICKEL ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
2.9.3 MANGANESE……………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
2.9.4 CHROMIUM……………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
2.10 HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER……………………………………………… 29
2.11 ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS……………………………………………………………………. 30
2.11.2 LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS……………………………………………………….. 31
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………………………………………….. 33
3.1 STUDY AREA AND SAMPLING STATIONS………………………………………………….. 33
3.1.1 NEW PANTEKA, OLD PANTEKA AND AHMADU BELLO WAY…………….. 34
3.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PREPARATION ………………………………………………. 35
3.2.1 STANDARDIZATION OF THE INSTRUMENT ……………………………………. 35
3.1 ……………………………….. MATERIAL SELECTION AND SPECIFICATION 36
3.3 AIR SAMPLER……………………………………………………………………………………………. 37
3.3.1 DESIGN CALCULATIONS ………………………………………………………………………… 41
3.4 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PRETREATMENT ………………………………………. 42
3.5 AQUA REGIA DIGESTION ……………………………………………………………………….. 42
3.6 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS………………………………………………………………………….. 42
3.6.1 CALIBRATION …………………………………………………………………………………………. 42
3.7 CONTROL…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43
3.8 EQUIPMENT …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 43
3.7.1MATERIAL………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43
3.9 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ………………………………………………………………………… 44
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
4.2 MEAN CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN PARTICULATE MATTER FROM OLD ……………………….. 49
PANTEKA IN THE MONTHS OF AUGUST – OCTOBER, 2015…………………………….. 49
4.2 MEAN CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN PARTICULATE MATTER FROM OLD PANTEKA IN THE MONTHS OF AUGUST – OCTOBER, 2015
4.3 MEAN CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN PARTICULATEMATTER FROM… 55
AHMADU BELLO WAY IN THE MONTHS OF NOVEMBER, DECEMBER, 2015 –JANUARY, 2016…………………. 55
4.4 MEAN CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN PARTICULATEMATTER FROM OLD PANTEKA IN THE MONTHS OF NOVEMBER, DECEMBER,2015 – JANUARY, 2016………………………………….. 57
4.5 MEAN CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN PARTICULATE MATTER FROM NEW PANTEKA IN THE MONTHS OF NOVEMBER, DECEMBER,2015 – JANUARY, 2016…………………….. 59
4.6 SEASONAL VARIATION OF HEAVY METALS IN AREAS STUDIED IN BOTH THE WET AND DRY SEASON DURING THE STUDY PERIOD ………………… 62
4.7 VARIATION IN ACID AND BASE OF HEAVY METALS STUDIED IN BOTHTHE WET AND DRY SEASON DURING THE STUDY PERIOD …………………………… 64
4.8 VARIATION IN ACID AND BASE OF HEAVY METALS IN LOCATIONS STUDIED IN BOTH THE WET AND DRY SEASON DURING THE STUDY PERIOD67
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION
ZINC (ZN)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 70
LEAD (PB) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
IRON (FE) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 73
5.1 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………… 74
5.2 RECOMMENDATION………………………………………………………………………………. 74
REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 76
INTRODUCTION
Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases, in addition, they may benatural or man-made (Anderson, 2005).
It can be air, water or land and can result from mining,automobile exhaust, agricultural and industrial activities among others. Heavy metals were sinceclassified among major causes (Galadima et al., 2011).
Of the important pollutants, heavy metalscause serious harmful effects on the environment. Standard limits andinternational guidelinesspecify maximum level for various pollutants in air samples; however no restrictions have yetbeen set in Nigerian towns and cities.
Major towns and cities have often suffered from smokeemanating from residential building, refused dumps and bio-mass incineration.
Residual oilcombustion and automobile exhaust which are all as a result of human activities results in releaseof toxic materials (e.g. heavy metals) into the atmosphere (Okou and Nchiokwere, 2005).
Suspended particulate matter is one of the most important constituents of atmosphericpollution. Consequently, exposure to airborne particles is a common event.
Suspendedparticulate matter is a complex mixture of elemental and organic carbon, ammonium, nitrates,sulphates, mineral dust, trace elements and water droplet.
Among all air pollutants, particulatematter (PM) especially respirable PM which can be inhaled into the human respiratory system(Wallenborn et al., 2009) is related to the most serious health effects including pulmonary andcardiovascular illnesses (Harrison, 1999).
The chemical characteristics of atmospheric particulateare important for both particle toxicity and its role in climate change (Hueglin et al, 2005, IPCC,2001; Salve et al, 2007).
Suspended particulate matter is a mixture of organic and inorganic substances characterized bytheir physical attributes, which influence their transport and deposition, and their chemicalcomposition which influences their effect on health.
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CSN Team.
