Effects of Trypanosomosis and Treatment on Peste Des Petits Ruminants Vaccination in West African Dwarf Sheep

Filed in Zoology Project Topics by on October 26, 2020

Effects of Trypanosomosis and Treatment on Peste Des Petits Ruminants Vaccination in West African Dwarf Sheep.

ABSTRACT

The effects of Trypanosoma congolense infection and treatment on Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccination in West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep were  determined.  Twenty  (20)  WAD sheep assigned to five (5) groups, of four (4) sheep each were used.

Group A (Gp  A)  was the unvaccinated and uninfected control, Gp B- the  vaccinated  and  uninfected  control,  Gp C- the vaccinated, uninfected and treated group, Gp D- the  vaccinated,  infected  and  treated group and  Gp E- the vaccinated, infected and untreated group.

Sheep in groups B, C,  D and E were first vaccinated with PPR vaccine and then groups D and E were infected with congolense one week post-vaccination (PV), after which groups C and D were treated with diminazene aceturate 3 week post-infection (PI).

A prepatant period of 12-14 days was recorded and PPR antibody titres detected one week PV in all vaccinated sheep. The antibody levels progressively increased and peaked at 8 week PV.

Following parasiteamia, there was a depression in the sero-conversion rate of antibody. The vaccination had no effect on clinical (temperature, pulse rate, weight gain) and red blood cell (packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and total erythrocyte count) parameters.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page – – – – – – – – – – i
Certification/Approval Page – – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – – iv
Table of content – – – – – – – – – v
List of tables- – – – – – – – – – – viii
List of figures – – – – – – – – – – ix
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – x

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 1
1.2 Main Objectives – – – – – – – – – 5
1.3 Specific Objectives – – – – – – – – 5

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Trypanosomosis – – – – – – – – – 6
2.1.1 The Trypanosoma parasite – – – – – – – 6
2.1.2 Distribution – – – – – – – – – 8
2.1.3 Transmission – – – – – – – – – 8
2.1.4 Pathogenesis – – – – – – – – – 8
2.1.5 Clinical Signs – – – – – – – – – 9
2.1.6 Pathology – – – – – – – – – 11
2.1.7 Immunosuppression and Antigenic variation – – – – – 12
2.1.8 Mechanism of Immunosuppression – – – – – – 16
2.1.9 Diagnosis – – – – – – – – – 17
2.1.10 Drug Resistance and Relapse infection – – – – – 20
2.1.11 Control – – – – – – – – – – 22
2.1.11.1 Vector Control – – – – – – – – 22
2.1.11.2 Chemotherapy and Chemoprophylaxis – – – – – 23
2.1.11.3 Vaccination /Immunization – – – – – – – 24
2.1.11.4 Trypanotolerance – – – – – – – – 24
2.2 Peste des petits ruminants- – – – – – – – 25
2.2.1 History – – – – – – – – – – 25
2.2.2 The Causative Agent – – – – – – – – 26
2.2.3 Geographical Distribution – – – – – – – 27
2.2.4 Host Range – – – – – – – – – 27
2.2.5 Source of PPR virus and Mode of Transmission – – – – 29
2.2.6 Economic Importance – – – – – – – – 29
2.2.7 Pattern of Disease – – – – – – – – 30
2.2.8 Pathogenesis – – – – – – – – – 31
2.2.9 Clinical Signs – – – – – – – – – 32
2.2.10 Necropsy Findings – – – – – – – – 33
2.2.11 Diagnosis – – – – – – – – – 33
2.2.12 Treatment – – – – – – – – – 34
2.2.13 Prevention and Control – – – – – – – 34
2.2.14 Control by Immunization – – – – – – – 35
2.2.15 Vaccination Failure – – – – – – – – 35

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials – – – – – – – – – – 37
3.1.1 Procurement of West African Dwarf sheep – – – – – 37
3. 1.2 Experimental Parasite – – – – – – – – 37
3.1.3 Vaccine/ Antigen – – – – – – – – 37
3.1.4 Diminazene aceturate – – – – – – – – 37
3.2 Methods – – – – – – – – – – 38
3.2.1 Experimental Design – – – – – – – – 38
3.2.2 Immunization of Experimental sheep – – – – – – 38
3.2.3 Infection of Experimental sheep – – – – – – 38
3.2.4 Treatment of Experimental sheep – – – – – – 38
3.2.5 Blood sample collection- – – – – – – – 39
3.2.6 Parameters – – – – – – – – – 39
3.2.6.1 Parasitaemia – – – – – – – – – 39
3.2.6.2 Physiologic Parameters – – – – – – – 40
3.2.6.3 Haematology – – – – – – – – – 40
3.2.6.4 Serology – – – – – – – – – 42
3.2.6.5 Survivability and Clinical signs – – – – – – 44
3.2.7 Statistical Analysis – – – – – – – – 44

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION
Conclusion – – – – – – – – – – 75
Recommendation – – – – – – – – – 75
REFERENCES – – – – – – – – – 76

 INTRODUCTION

Africa has a population of 205 million sheep and 174 million goats representing approximately 17% and 31% of the world total livestock population,  respectively  (FAO, 1990).

Despite their high contribution to the total world livestock population, sheep and goats produce only about 16% of the world’s meat (Ademosun, 2002).

These animals constitute a major source of animal protein in Nigeria (ILCA, 1979; Madu et al., 2005) and also provide milk,  skins and  manure (Ademosun,  2002).

They have  great economic potentials as a result  of their high fertility, early maturity and easy adaptability to both humid and semi-arid environments (Ademosun, 1988).

Consequently a lot of social and economic importance is attached to ownership of small ruminants, which in some cases, may be the only realisable wealth of a rural household (Lebbie,  2004; Madu et  al., 2005; Nwosu  et al., 2007).

However, it has been noted that the major constraint in their production has been the high mortality rate due to disease (Aikhuomobhogbe and Orheruata, 2006). Protozoa and parasites, particularly gastro-intestinal helminths, are a major constraint to sheep production throughout the world (Agyemang et al., 1990).

One of the greatest protozoan diseases affecting small ruminants is trypanosomosis and it poses serious threat to sheep production in the sub-Saharan Africa (Onditi et al., 2007).

REFERENCES

Abdollahipour, G.; Roofi, A.; Najafi, J.; Sasani, F. and Sakhaie, E. (2006): Clinical and para- clinical findings of a recent outbreak of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Iran. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 53: 14-16.

Abebe, G.; Jones, T. and Bold, R. (1983): Suramin sensitivity  of  stock  of  Trypanosoma evansi isolated in Sudan. Short communication. Tropical  Animal  Health  and Production, 15: 151-152.

Abegunde, A.; Nawathe, D.R.; Okeke, A. N. C. and Opasina, D.B.  (1980): Aetiology of Kata  in dwarf goats. Journal of the Nigeria Veterinary Medical Association, 9: 48 – 52.

Abu Elzein, E.M.; Hassanien, M.M.; Al-Afaleq, A.I.; Abd Elhadi, M.A. and Housawi, F.M. (1990): Isolation of Peste des Petits Ruminants virus from goats in Saudi Arabia. Veterinary Record, 127 (12): 309–310.

Abu Elzein, E.M.E.; Housawi, F.M.T.; Bashareek, Y.; Gamel, A.a.; Al-Afaleq, A.I. and Anderson, E.C. (2004): Severe Peste des Petits Ruminants infection in Gazelles kept under semi-free rang conditions in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Veterinary  Microbilogy B, 51 (2): 68-71.

Abubakar, M.; Ashiq, S.; Zahoor, A.B.; Arshed, M.J. and Banyard,  A.C. (2011): Diagnosis  and control strategies for Peste des Petits Ruminants virus: Global and Pakistan perspectives. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 31(4): 267-274.

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