Gold Nanoparticle for Medicine
Gold Nanoparticle for Medicine.
ABSTRACT
Gold nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing aqueous chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with three different bacteria. Various microorganisms were verified to see how feasible they will be in synthesizing gold nanoparticles.
Three microorganisms were screened and found to produce gold nanoparticles effectively. These bacteria include; Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis and serratia mercensis mercensis.
Microorganisms in the synthesis of nanoparticles appear as an environmentally friendly and exciting approach. Different sizes and shapes of gold nanoparticles are produced by the various microorganisms used.
The particle sizes and shapes were controlled by pH. The microorganisms and the HAuCl4 were incubated at pH of 3 and 7. It was observed that spherical nanoparticles were observed at of pH 7 whiles nanoplates were observed at pH 3.
Poor bioavailability and intrinsic toxicity are some of the problems facing conventional therapies and as a result have compromised the therapeutic efficacy of many otherwise beneficial drugs.
Some of these shortcomings of the conventional therapies are been overcome by the design of nanoscopic systems to change the pharmological and therapeutic properties of molecules.
In order to enhance the bioavailability of targeted site, nanosystems are often accumulated at higher concentrations than normal drugs. Systems toxicity is greatly reduced when the enhanced drug is targeted to the diseased tissue.
Diagnosis of cancer is often late as most of them are hidden or known metastasis. The ability of gold nanoparticles to absorb light in the visible and near-infra red (NIR) region depends strongly on the shape and size of the nanostructure.
Moreover, the amount of cells that can be taken by gold nanoparticles is size dependent with optimal diameter of 50 nm for spherical nanoparticles.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …… i
TABLE OF CONTENT ……… ii
LIST OF TABLES …………….. vi
LIST OF FIGURES …. vii
ABSTRACT………….. ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION ………………1
1.1 Statement of Introduction and Background ……….1
1.2 Problem Description and Scope of Work ……….3
1.3 References. …………..4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ………5
2.1 Introduction..5
2.2 Electrochemistry …..5
2.2.1 Redox Reaction ….6
2.2.1.1 Acidic medium ………7
2.2.1.2 Basic medium …….7
2.2.1.3 Neutral medium ……..7
2.3 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Methods ……..8
2.3.1 Biosynthesis processes……8
2.3.1.1 Phyllantin assisted biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles. A novel biological Approach. .8
2.3.1.2 Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using the bacteria Rhodopseudomonas Capsulata .9
2.3.1.3 Photochemical Synthesis of Gold nanoparticles by the sunlight radiation using a seeding approach ……. 10
2.3.2 Chemical Synthesis Processes ….. 11
2.3.2.1 Turkevich Method …….. 12
2.3.2.2. Brust Method ………. 12
2.3.2.3 Perrault Method …. 13
2.3.2.4 Sonolysis ………… 13
2.3.2.5 Martin Method …… 13
2.4 Gold Nanoparticles In Cancer Treatment ………… 14
2.4.1 Nanoparticles for Cancer Detection and Treatment . 14
2.4.1.1 Heat Treatment ………. 16
2.5 Adhesion mechanisms …….. 17
2.6 The role of Adhesion in Nanoparticles for Drug delivery and Heat …..19
2.7 References …………. 20
CHAPTER 3
3.0 GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN NANOMEDICINE ….. 25
3.1 Introduction ……….. 25
3.2 Historic Perspective In the Use of Gold Nanoparticles in the Medicine…. 26
3.3 Optical Imaging ….. 26
3.3.1 Biosensing ……. 27
3.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) …… 27
3.5 Photothermal therapy … 28
3.6 Cancer Cell Killing: Hyperthermia with Cytotoxic Drugs ..28
3.6.1 Introduction …….. 28
3.6.2 Gold Heating Of Water …. 30
3.6.3 Model Energy Balance Equation …. 31
3.7 References ……… 38
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES ………. 42
4.1 Biosynthesis Of Gold Nanoparticle …….. 42
4.1.1 Isolation Of bacteria in the soil…. 42
4.1.2 Serial Dilution… 42
4.1.3 Preparation of MacConkey Agar, Peptone Glycerol Agar and Luria Bertani (Lb) 43
4.1.4 Preparation of Pure Culture………………….. 43
4.1.5 Media Preparation for Bacillus Subtils and Bacillus Megaterium ….. 44
4.1.6 Experimental Procedure ……. 45
4.2 Role Of Adhesion In Nanoparticle …….. 46
4.2.1 Experimental Procedure …. 46
4.2.2 AFM Experiments…… 47
4.2.2.1 Tip Coatings ………. 47
4.2.2.2 Tip Characterization …….. 47
4.2.2.3 Cell Substrate Fixation ……….. 47
4.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy Measurements. ….. 48
4.2.4 AFM Force Displacements Measurements. ….. 49
4.3 Gold Heating of Water …….. 49
4.4 References ….. 51
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS …………. 52
5.1 Biosynthesis of Gold nanoparticles ………. 52
5.1.1 Conclusions and Future Works ……… 56
5.2 Measurement of Adhesion forces …………. 57
5.2.1 Conclusions and Future Works …. 58
5.3 Nanomedicine ……………………… 59
5.3.1 Conclusions and future works …………. 60
APPENDIX A ………… 69
APPENDIX B…………….. 70
5.4 References …………… 71
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of Introduction and Background
Synthesis of metal nano particles has received much attention in recent times because of their numerous applications in catalysis [3], sensor technology [1], biological labeling [5], optoelectronics recording media and optics [2].
The mode of producing these nano particles can be done by chemical, biological and physical methods [3, 6]. Chemical and physical methods were mostly used in synthesizing gold nanoparticles; however there has been an appreciable rise in the biological synthesis of nano particles in the past decade.
This is because biological synthesis is ecologically friendly. Moreover, the method is non toxic and produces a clean product.
Nanoparticles are particles with one or more dimensions on the order of nano particles (10-9 meters) [7]. Nano scale region has received much attention in material science in recent years because of their numerous potential applications.
There has been significant research work to describe particles of this size. Since particles of nano meter behave differently from their bulk size counterparts, research work to describe particle size has been challenging.
This is seen when the physical properties of the material changes when the particle size decreases. This phenomenon comes about when physical quantities, such as magnetic domain size, grain size etc have similar size.
Nano scale research is of significant contribution in material science and technology for the development of new materials with improved properties.
REFERENCES
He et al, Materials Letters 61(2007) 3984-3987.
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M.P. Melancon, W. Lu, C. Li, MRS Bulletin 34: 415-421, 2009.
Hao, Gold nanoparticles in Cancer treatment a comparison of Adhesion forces
Nakajima, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2003, 19, 369
M.Gericke, A. Pinches, Microbial Production of Gold nanoparticles
