Heterosis And Combining Ability For Grain Yield And Agronomic Traits In Some Sorghum Crosses (Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench)
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ABSTRACT
Eleven entries (consisting of lines, testers and hybrids), were used to study general, specific combining ability and heterosis. The male and female lines were mated in a Line x Testermating Design.
In the study, analysis of variance showed significant difference was observedfor yield and agronomic traits among the entries. This signified that they characters studiedcan be selected for genetic improvement.
Estimation of general combining ability (GCA) andSpecific combining ability (SCA) were obtained for each male inbred, female parent and forall hybrids.
The inbred lines 97-SBF5-DT-150A and Dangarko white contributed high GCAestimates for grain yield.
It was observed that parents that showed high GCA effects for grain yield, also showed high to average GCA for other agronomic traits, suggesting that GCA effects for grain yield could be related to combining ability effects and agronomic traits studied.
The hybrid 97-SBF5-DT-150A x Dangarko white recorded the maximum SCA effects for two out of the six traits studied namely, panicle weight and grain yield.
High-parent heterosis was observed for grain yield and agronomic traits for all characters except plant height.
Among the hybrids, 97-SBF5-DT-150A x Dangarko white expressed high-parent heterosis for days to anthesis, panicle length, panicle width, panicle weight, grain yield and threshing per- cent-age.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page……………………………………………………………………………………..i
Declaration……………………………………………………………………………………ii
Certification………………………………………………………………………………….iii
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………….iv
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………v
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….vi
Table of contents…………………………………………………………………………….vii
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………1
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………..4
2.1 Floral biology……………………………………………………………………………4
2.1.1 Panicle…………………………………………………………………………………..4
2.1.2 Anthesis…………………………………………………………………………………5
2.1.3 Pollination……………………………………………………………………………….6
2.1.4 Fertilization of seed development………………………………………………………7
2.2 Hybrid development…………………………………………………………………….7
2.3 Combining ability……………………………………………………………………………………………….8
2.4 Heterosis in sorghum……………………………………………………………………12
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………………..16
3.1 Genetic materials………………………………………………………………………16
3.2 Experimental Design and procedures…………………………………………………..18
3.3 Data collection…………………………………………………………………………18
3.4 Statistical analysis………………………………………………………………………21
3.4.1. Analyses of variances and means…………………………………………………….21
3.4.2 Genetic analysis……………………………………………………………………….22
3.4.2.1 Combining ability analysis………………………………………………………….22
3.5.0 Estimation of General combining ability and specific combining…………………… 23
3.5.1 Heterosis………………………………………………………………………………25
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS………………………………………………………………………………27
4.1 Analyses of variance…………………………………………………………………….27
4.2 Mean performance………………………………………………………………………27
4.3 Genetic Analyses…………………………………………………………………………31
4.3.1 General combining ability……………………………………………………………..33
4.3.2 Specify combining ability studies……………………………………………………..33
4.4 Heterosis………………………………………………………………………………….35
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………………….40
CHAPTER SIX
Summary and Conclusion……………………………………………………………………43
Recommendation…………………………………………………………………………….44
ix
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………..45
Introduction
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench) is one of the major cereals cultivated in the world. As an important food crop, the ‘guinea’ or ‘kafir’ race is commonly cultivated in West Africaespecially in Northern Nigeria (House, 1985).
Sorghum originated in Africa, probablycultured in Egypt from where it spread to India and the Middle East (Kent, 1983). Sorghum isgrown mainly in the arid and semi-arid tropics.
It ranks fifth among the important cereals in the world after wheat, rice, maize and barley and it forms an important dietary staple for more than 500 million people in more than 30 countries (ICRISAT, 2006).
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistics division estimates sorghum yield in Nigeria to be1.2 t/ha.(FAO, 2010).
Sorghum is prepared as food and drink, including unleavened bread, thick porridge (‘Tuwo’), thin porridge (‘Ogi,’ or ‘Akamu’), or boiled or steamed cooked grain eaten with seasoning and spices, alcoholic drinks (eg ‘Burukutu’ or ‘Pito’) and non alcoholic drinks (‘Kunu’)(Nwasike,1987).
The leaves and stalks are used as livestock feed and the stalk for fencing, fuel, basket and hut in northern Nigeria and a variety of other uses (Aluko and Olugbemi,1990).
REFERENCES
Aluko, R.E. and Olugbemi, L. B. (1990). Sorghum as a raw material in bakingindustry.Pp 21: Industrial utilization of sorghum , summary proceedings ofa symposium on the current status and potential of industrial uses ofsorghum in Nigeria, 4-6th Dec,ICRISAT, Patencheru,A.P.502324.
Arabisala, A.D. (1989).Industrial utilization of sorghum: summary proceedingof a symposium on the current status and the potential of industrial uses ofsorghum, West African seed program(WASP), ICRISAT, Kano, Nigeria.
Baker, R. J.(1978).Issues in Diallel Analysis. Crop Science 18:533-536. CropScience Society of America,667 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, W 153711 USA.
Beebe, S.E, Rao, I.M., Cajiao,C. and Grajales, M.(2008). Selection for droughtresistance in common bean also improves yield in Phosphorus limited andfavourable environment. Crop Science 48:582-592.
Bhavsar, V.V., Borikar, S.T. (2002). Combining ability studies in sorghum involvingdiverse cytosteriles. J. Maharashtra Agr. 27: 35-36
Can,N.D.,Nakamaru, S and Yoshida, T. (1997). Combining ability and Genotype xEnvironment Interaction in Early Maturing Grain Sorghum for summerseeding. Jpn J. Crop Sc. 66(4): 698-704.
