Impact of Tannery Effluents on the Quality of Environmental Samples and Bioremediation Potentials of Microbial Isolates
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ABSTRACT
Impact of tannery effluents in the environment and bioremediation potentials of microbial isolates were evaluated using different methods.
Physico–chemical properties of the effluent samples vary in each tannery with higher mean values in Tan A followed by Tan C and then Tan B, indicating higher pollution level in the order Tan A < Tan C < Tan B. Similarly, these properties in well water samples studied fluctuate.
Significant differences were observed in mean TDS, DO and BOD values. Seasonal variation in the mean physico-chemical properties of well water samples using students’ t-test showed significant differences, where higher TSS and BOD were recorded in the dry season while DO was considerably low in the dry season.
The mean Cr (4.85mg/L) concentration was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in effluent sample compared to the well water samples. It was established that the level of chromium (Cr) were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in effluent analyzed from Tan A (5.29mg/L) then Tan B (4.91mg/L) and the level was lower in Tan C (4.36mg/L).
Statistical analyses of heavy metal content in the tannery effluent from different sampling points revealed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among the tanneries where it shows decrease in all metal concentrations downstream. Higher concentrations of metals were recorded in the dry compared to wet season.
Bacterial contamination of the well water samples were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) during the dry season compared to the wet season.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover page …….. i
Fly leaf …i
Title page …..ii
DECLARATION ……… iii
CERTIFICATION …. iv
DEDICATION …………………..v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …. vi
ABSTRACT .. vii
Table of content ……. ix
List of Tables …….. xv
List of Figures ……… xvii
List of Appendices …….xix
List of plates ……………… xx
CHAPTER ONE ………….1
INTRODUCTION ………………1
1.0 General Introduction ……1
1.1 Statement of the Problem ……………5
1.2 Justification ……….6
1.3 AIM……………..8
1.4 OBJECTIVES ……..8
CHAPTER TWO ……..9
LITERATURE REVIEW ……9
2.1 Impacts of Tannery Waste and Wastewater on the environment ………………………………9
2.2 Potential Environmental Impact of the Chemicals Used in Tannery Operations ………. 13 x
2.3 Tannery Pollution in Different Parts of the World …………….. 15
2.4 Health Effect of Chromium and Tannery Effluents ……….. 18
2.5 Effect of Chromium and Tannery Effluents on Plants …………… 19
2.6 Chrome Recovery and Recycling …. 22
2.7 Physico-Chemical Techniques Used in the Treatment of Tannery Wastewater ………… 24
2.8 Microorganisms as Biosorbent Material … 31
2.9 Waste Materials as Biosorbent Material …………. 32
2.9 Mechanisms of Biosorption of Microorganisms …. 36
2.10 Effect of Chromium and Tannery Effluents on Microorganisms…………… 37
2.10 .1 Biosorption …….. 37
2.10.2 Bacterial removal of chromium …….. 39
2.11 Chromium toxicity and its accumulation . 40
2.12 Chromium and Tannery Effluents Contamination of Soils …… 41
2.13 Other pollutant associated with the tanning industry .. 41
2.14 Tanning …… 43
2.14.1 Tanning Processes Linked With Pollution … 43
2.14.2 Soaking: ….. 44
2.14.3 Liming: … 44
2.14.4 De-liming, Bating and Pickling: ….. 45
2.14.5 Chrome Tanning:.. 45
2.14.6 NaCl Curing: …. 48
2.14.7 Organic Matter: ….. 49
2.14.8 Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S): …….. 49
2.15 Chemistry of Chromium: ………. 50
2.16 Chromium Salts: …… 51 xi
2.17 Water Reuse in Tannery Processes ……………. 51
CHAPTER THREE ……… 57
MATERIALS AND METHODS ………… 57
3.1 Study Area ……….. 57
3.2 Sampling Plan …….. 61
3.3.0 Sample Collection …….. 61
3.3.1 Water and Effluent………. 62
3.3.2 Soils … 62
3.3.2.1 Preparation of soil samples for heavy metal analysis … 62
3.3.3 Collection of vegetable Samples ………. 62
3.4 Transportation …….. 63
3.5 Determination of Physico-chemical properties of water and effluent samples …………. 63
3.5.1 pH and Temperature …………….. 63
3.5.2 Total Suspended and Dissolved Solid (TSS and TDS) and Electrical conductivity …… 63
3.5.3 Dissolved Oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand . 63
3.6.0 Determination of heavy metals in samples ……….. 64
3.6.1 Determination of heavy metals in water and effluents .. 64
3.6.2 Determination of heavy metals in soil samples ……… 64
3.6.3 Determination of heavy metals in vegetable samples …… 65
3.7. Microbiological Analysis ….. 65
3.7.0 Determination of number of heterotrophic bacteria ….. 65
3.7.1 Determination of coliform count ………………………. 65
3.7.2 Determination of faecal Streptococcal counts ………… 66
3.7.3 Estimation and Isolation of Chromate Resistant Bacteria from Tannery effluents …….. 67
3.7.4 Estimation and Isolation of Chromate Resistant Bacteria from Soil ………. 67 xii
3.7.6 Determination of Minimum Concentration of Cr(VI) inhibitory to resistant isolates … 70
3.80 Isolation of Fungi …….. 70
3.8.1 Isolation of Resistant Fungi from effluent ………… 70
3.8.2 Isolation of fungal strains from soil …… 71
3.8.3 Identification of fungal isolates in the effluents and soils ……. 71
3.8.4 Preparation of stock chromium solution and effluent dilution………. 71
3.8.5 Determination of concentration of chromium in effluent used … 72
3.9 Chromium sorption studies ………… 72
3.9.1 Preparation of resistant bacterial isolates … 72
3.9.2 Chromium sorption by bacteria …… 72
3.9.3 Preparation of resistant fungal isolates …. 73
3.9.4 Determination of Chromium removal by resistant fungal isolates… 73
3.10 Bioremediation studies ……. 74
3.10.1 Preparation of effluent for laboratory scale bioremediation …… 74
3.10.2 Bioremediation using Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus …. 75
3.10.3 Bioremediation using fungal isolates………… 75
3.11 Fungal strain improvement study by exposure to ultraviolet irradiation ……. 76
3.12 Determination of fungal biomass …. 76
3.13 Data Analysis ……….. 77
CHAPTER FOUR ………………. 78
RESULTS ….. 78
4.1 Physico-chemical properties of tannery effluent and well water samples 78
4.2 Seasonal variation of physico-chemical properties of effluent samples .. 86
4.3 Heavy metal contents of Soil and vegetables samples from polluted sites… 89
4.4 Heavy metal pollution of effluent samples …… 91 xiii
4.5 Seasonal variation of heavy metal contamination of well water samples … 94
4.6 Seasonal variation of heavy metal pollution of effluent samples … 98
4.7 Heavy metal pollution levels in soil samples ….. 100
4.8 Heavy metal contents in vegetable samples .. 102
4.9 Bacteriological quality of well water samples ….. 104
4.10 Microbiological load in effluent samples .. 107
4.10. 1 Principal component analysis …. 115
4.11 Microbiological load of effluent contaminated soil …. 118
4.12 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of chromium to the bacterial isolates …… 121
4.13 Predominant fungal isolates in the effluents and soils….. 121
4.14 Laboratory Scale treatment of effluent ….. 125
4.14.1 Chromium removal from effluent using bacteria ….. 125
4.14.2 Bacterial effluent treatment ….. 127
4.15 Chromium removal from effluent using fungi ……….. 130
4.15.1 Chromium removal from media using Aspergillus niger … 130
4.15.2 Chromium removal from media using Penicillium species …… 135
4.15.3 Removal of chromium by Trichoderma longibrachiatum TN1X03 (TN3) ….. 135
4.15.4 Removal of chromium by Fungal consortium ………. 140
4.16 Effluent treatment using fungi……. 148
4.17 Effluent treatment using UV Mutant fungi ………. 150
4.18 Fungal biomass production in treated effluent ……… 155
4.18.1 Effect of UV irradiation on biomass production by test strains .. 158
CHAPTER FIVE…………. 162
DISCUSSION …………… 162
5.1 Physico-chemical properties of tannery effluent and well water samples ………………. 162 xiv
5.1.1 Physico-chemical parameters in discharged effluent samples ………… 163
5.1.2 Physico-chemical parameters in well water samples ………. 165
5.1.3 Seasonal variations of physico-chemical parameters in well water samples …………… 165
5.1.4 Variations of physico-chemical parameters in effluent samples from sampling points 166
5.1.5 Seasonal variations of physico-chemical parameters in effluent samples ………………. 168
5.2 Heavy metal analyses in samples …… 170
5.2.1 Heavy metal contents of water and effluent samples …..170
5.2.2 Heavy metal contents of Soil and Vegetables samples …… 171
5.2.3 Heavy metal contents of well water ……… 171
5.2.4 Heavy metal pollution in effluent samples ……… 172
5.2.5 Variations of heavy metal pollution in soil and vegetable samples … 175
5.3 Microbiological analyses of samples ……. 178
5.3.1 Bacteriological quality of well water samples ………. 178
5.3.2 Bacteriological contaminations of effluent samples …… 179
5.3.3 Principal component analysis ……. 181
5.3.4 Microbiological quality of effluent contaminated soil… 182
5.4 Laboratory Scale treatment of effluent ….. 183
5.4.1 Bacterial effluent treatment ….. 184
5.4.2 Fungal experiment and effluent treatment ….. 186
5.4.3 Fungal effluent treatment ….. 189
5.4.4 Fungal effluent treatment and biomass production ….. 191
5.5 Conclusion …….. 194
5.6 Recommendations ….. 195
REFERENCES …. 197
INTRODUCTION
The environment is under increasing pressure from the direct discharge of effluents from industries and municipal wastewaters into soils and water bodies. This has become a growing environmental problem.
This is because water is a very important element on the earth and plays a crucial role with direct impact on public health, environmental sustainability and life conservation. Water also known as blue gold, is one of the most priceless gifts of Nature.
It is also regarded as the life line on Earth, because evolution of life and development of human civilization could not have been possible without water (Sinha et al., 2004).
All great civilizations of the world evolved around the rivers. Rivers have been life line to the Earth and supposed to be yardstick to measure the society, since a dirty river means a dirty society.
Rapidly increasing population, indiscriminate urbanization and rapid industrialization along the rivers have put tremendous pressure on water resources and their quality (Sinha et al., 2004; Sinha et al., 2006).
REFERENCES
Abera, S., Salari, D. and Parsaa, M.R. (2010). Employing the Taguchi method to obtain the optimum conditions of coagulation–flocculation process in tannery wastewater treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 162: 127–134.
Aboulhassan, M. A., Souabi, S. and Yaacoubi A. (2008). Pollution reduction and biodegradability index improvement of tannery effluents. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5 (1):11-16, Winter ISSN: 1735-1472 IRSEN, CEERS, IAU.
Aboulhassan, M. A., Souabi, S., Yaacoubi, A. (2008). Pollution reduction and biodegradability index improvement of tannery efluents. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(1):11-16.
Abreu, M.A. and Toffoli, S.M. (2009). Characterization of a chromium-rich tannery waste and its potential use in ceramics. Ceramics International, 35:225–2234 www.elsevier.com/locate/ceramint
CSN Team.
