Urban Flooding in Uyo Urban Akwa Ibom State

 – Urban Flooding in Uyo Urban Akwa Ibom State – 

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ABSTRACT

This study examined the problems of urban flooding in Uyo urban Akwa Ibom State with view to identifying the types of flood prevalent in the study area, anthropogenic causes of flood and impacts associated with urban flood in uyo.

To this end, two research hypotheses were formulated, stratified random sampling was used to stratify Uyo into six (6) zones and questionnaires were administered.

Taro Yamane method for finite population was computed that 400 copies of questionnaires were administered in the study area as well as used in the analysis.

The first hypothesis was tested using Chi-square (x2) at 0.05 level of significance in order to otherwise if anthropogenic activities are responsible for the occurrence of flooding menace in the study area.

Also, the second hypothesis was tested using regression analysis to test for the impacts of urban flood on people.  The analyses showed that anthropogenic activities account for the occurrence of urban flooding in the study area and urban flood do have significant impacts on people.

Based on these finding, it was recommended that among others that adequate drainage channels should be provided by government, good and adequate land-use should be encouraged, provision of adequate waste receptacles to discourage dumping of refuse in drainage channels and environmental education and awareness programms should be embarked upon at regular intervals to sensitize people on flood issues.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Declaration       ii

Certification        iii

Dedication       iv

Acknowledgement         v

Abstract        vi

Table of Contents  vii

List of Table               x

List of Figure     xi

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study             1

1.2       Statement of the Problem   5

1.3       Research Questions              7

1.4       Aims and Objectives of Study   7

1.5       Research Hypothesis       8

1.6       Significance of the Study     8

1.7       Scope of the Study          9

1.8       Limitation of the Study              9

1.9       The Study Area      11

1.9.1    Historical Background           11

1.9.2    Location and Size        14

1.9.3    Climate            14

1.9.4    Vegetation/Land-use           16

1.9.5    Geology and Soil      16

1.9.6    Relief and Drainage        17

1.9.7    Population and Settlement         18

1.9.8    Socio-Economic Activities       18

1.10     Definition of terms                19

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.1       Review of Related Literature            20

2.1.1    Meaning and Types of Flood        20

2.1.2    Causes of Urban Flood         24

2.1.3    Urban Flood Impacts and Vulnerability Status        29

2.1.4    Summary of Literature Review    31

2.2       Conceptual Framework                32

2.2.1    The Concept of Urban Catchment           32

2.2.2    The Concept of Vulnerability           33

2.2.3    The Concept of Resident Flood Risk Management         36

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1       Research Design      38

3.2       Data Needs                  38

3.3       Sources of Data       39

3.3.1    Primary Sources          39

3.3.2    Secondary Sources       39

3.4       Sampling Techniques    40

3.5       Sampled Population     40

3.6       Method of Data Analysis    41

3.7       Statistical Technique        42

CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1       Data Presentation and Analysis         43

4.1.1    Socio-Economic Analysis of Respondents         42

4.1.2    Analysis of Socio-Economic Attributes of Urban Flooding in the Study Area         45

4.1.2.1 Flood Experience            45

4.1.2.2 Types of Flood Experience in Uyo Urban       46

4.1.2.3 Impact of Flood in Uyo Urban   47

4.1.2.4 Forms of Flood Impact experience in Uyo Urban     47

4.1.2.5 Anthropogenic Causes of Flood 48

4.2       Testing of Hypotheses            49

4.3       Discussion of Findings       52

CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1       Summary of Findings           54

5.2       Conclusion    55

5.3       Recommendations       56

References            57

Appendices         64

INTRODUCTION

Urban flood is one of the hazards that affect man since time immemorial (Sada, 2004). Throughout history, nature has shown little respect for man’s unwise occupancy of watershed in humid tropical lands and elsewhere (WRC, 2009).

Flooding dates back to the Biblical days of Noah and since the pre-historical times, man has been involved in an unending struggle with natural hazards such as flood, earthquake and volcanic eruption, among others (Blazkomac, 2014).

According to Askew (2001), flooding is the most common of all environmental hazards worldwide, either induced by nature or by anthropogenic actions in the environment which has left indelible make on the landscape.

Since early times, flood has been a major aspect of man’s interaction with his environment, and scores of flood disasters are found in the traditions and literatures of many ancient people (Redijk, 2004).

In recent time, urban flood are repeatedly reported in the head lines of local national and international media because of the adverse effect it has on infrastructures. Since 1970, the world has witnessed more than ten major urban flood disaster (Allt, 2005).

In the study of Berz (2000) floods contribute about 58% of total death and 33% of economic losses and that over the period of 1988 to 1997.  There was a trend of increasing number of flood events, as well as economic losses globally.

Urban flood is associated with some extreme natural events that happen on a geographical area and urban floods can have both area-wide and local origin, and are accompanied with serious environmental problems (Akintola, 2013).

Urban flood occurrence is not bound by local administrative boundaries as observed by Iyewson [2010) because storm water   drainage and protection facilities are part of an urban system to channel drains.  Sada (2004) opined that urban flood as an environmental hazard has caused much concern, not only to developing countries, but also to developed countries of the world.

REFERENCES

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Aderoju, O. M., Egbemiro, O., Liyu, I., Mwadike, B. K., Ajnye, S. E. and   Salman, K. S. (2014).  Geospatial Assessment of 2012 Flood Disaster   in Kogi State. Journal of Environmental Suace, Toxicology and  Food Technology, 8 (2): 74-83.

Akinola, F. (2013).  Flooding problems at Ibadan in Filani et al., (ed.) Ibadan: Region Press.

Akinyemi, Y. (2013) Nigeria: Expect more flood in 2013, NIMET warns.  This day Newspaper, 17/02/2014.  Retried on 20/03/2014.

Akmola, O. (2000).  Strategies for combination urban flooding developing countries.  A Case Study of Ondo.  The Environmentalist 14: (57-62).

Akukwc, T. I. and Ogbodo, E. (2013).  Spatial Analysis of vuluerability of flooding in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria.  SAGE Journals, D01:10 117712016824 41557-5338.

Al. Sabhan, W., Mulligan, M. and Blackbum, G. A. (2003) A real-time Hydrological Model for flood prediction using GIS.

Allit, R. (2005).  Flood Risk Assessment.  http//www.raalt.oc.uk

Amangbara, G. T. and Gabo, A. E (2009).  Factors that influence the flooding of   the middle and lower Ntanmagba Stream Catchments, Port Harcourt,    Nigeria.  Journal of Environment Hydrology, 15 (27): 1-15.

Andjalkovic, I. (2015).  Non-structural measures in urban flood Management. IHP-V/Technical Document in Hydrology N. 50 UNESCO, Paris pp 3-9.

Askew, A. J. (2001). Water in the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.  IAHS Publication N. 239.

Balogun, T. and Okoduwa, A. (2000). Application of GIS in flood risk.  Nigeria Journal of Catography and GIS Mapping, 1 : 37-45.

Becker, A., and Grenewaldi, U. (2003).  Flood risk in Central Europe.  Science,     300; 1099-1244.

Berz, G.  (2000). Flood disasters: lesson from the past worries for the future. Water and Maritime Engineering. N. 142.

Blazkomac, K. N. (2014). Influence of spreading urbanization in flooded areas      on flood manage, Auton Melik Cuographical Institute. Scientific  Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Slovenia.

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