Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Assessment of Spondias Mombin (Ijikara)
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Assessment of Spondias Mombin (Ijikara).
ABSTRACT
Spondias mombin leaves are popular choices in traditional herbal medicine practice. The present study of the leave extract, therefore, shown the phytochemical constituents, of phenol content and the antioxidant activity of the ethanol leaf extract of Spondias mombin.
Results from the phytochemical screening test on S. mombin extract revealed the presence of alkaloids saponnis, anthranoid, phenol and reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, and tannins.
Spondias mombin is a fructiferous tree that belongs to the family Anacardiaceae with about 14 species worldwide. In Nigeria, it is called with several local names, such as (Ijikara).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Approval ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement v
Abstract iv
Table of content vi-viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1-3
1.1 Scope of study 4
1.2 Statement of the problem 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review 5
2.1 Description of the plant 5
2.2 Classification of the plant 6
2.3 Use of the plant 7-12
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods 13
3.1Collection and processing of the material 13
3.2 Preparation of test organisms 13-14
3.3 Extraction of the plant materials 14-15
3.4 Antimicrobial susceptibility test of the Spondias mombin extracts 15-16
3.5 Tests for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the leaf extracts 16-17
3.6 Test for the bactericidal/fungicidal concentration of the extract 17-18
3.7 Phytochemical screening of the extracts 18
3.7.1 Test for saponins 18
3.7.2 Test for anthranoid 18
3.7.3 Test for anthroquinone 19
3.7.4 Test for phenol 19
3.7.5 Test for alkaloid 19
3.7.6 Test for tannins 20
3.7.7 Test for phylobatannins 20
3.7.8 Test for cardiac glycoside 20
Table 4.1 Zone diameter of inhibitory of the soxhlet and aqueous extracts of Spondias mombinplant extracts 21
Table 4.2: minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MICS) and MBCS/MFC) of spondias mombin plant extracts. 22
Table 4.3 Phytochemicals present in Spondias mombin leaf exracts 23
4.4 Discussion 24-25
CHAPTER FOUR
5.0 Conclusion and recommendation 26
5.1 Conclusion 26
5.2 Recommendation 26
References 27
INTRODUCTION
Spondias mombin is a tree, a flowering plant that belongs to the family of Anacardiaceae. It is readily common in Nigeria, Brazil and other tropical forests of the world with high genetic variability among populations. The plant has been naturised in some parts of Africa, Indians etc.
It is a fructiferous tree that grows in the coastal areas in the rain forest in a big tree of up to 15-22mm in height. However, the plant is known as Hog plum in English, Akika in Yoruba, Ijikara in Igbo, Isader maser in Hausa, Chabbuli in Fulani and Nsukakara in Efik.
The leaves bark and fruit of the plant have been widely used for both medicinal and non-medicinal purposes, thus the plant has been screened as unconventional sources of vitamin A and C, and all parts of the tree are ethnopharmacological importance.
A tea of the flowers and leaves is taken to relieve various inflammatory conditions, stomach aches and has wound healing potential (Ayoka and Akomofela, 2008). The tree is commonly used for living fences, in farmlands and shelter by artisans.
It has a deciduous, alternate, pinnate leaves (20-45cm long) and harry pinkish, pointed leaflets which are in equilateral and abique at the base. The fruits huaged in numerous branched clusters, are aromatic, ovoid and blong in shape.
The wood is used for making huts, garden poles, axe, and hoe handles in tropical Africa. It is also popular for carving amults, statuettes, cigarette holders and various ornamental objects.
REFERENCES
Akiyobi C.O; Ogbulie, J.N Okorondu .l. (2004) “Antibacterial and nutrient potentials of Gongrenema Latifolium and piper gunneries used in herbal remedies and as spices Nig .J. of microbial, 18 (1-2): 241-248.
Caraballo, A.L and Roriguez –Acosta-A (2004).Preliminary assessment of medicinal plants used as antimalarials in the south eastern Venezuelean Amazon Revista-daseciedase- Brasilleira-de-medicina-Tropical.
Castner, .J.L, Timme and J.A Duke, (2006). ”A guide to medicinal and useful plants of the upper Amazon” Gainesulla for Feline press. 56-78.
Harbore, (1973). Phytochemical method a guide to modern techniques of Plants analysis Chapman and Hall, New York. Pp 73-74
Igwe, C.U., Okiako, A.O.I, Nwaogu, L.A and O.Nyeze, G.O.C. (2008). Lpid lowering effect of aqueous leaf extract of spondias mombin Linn. J. Pharmacol., 20:1 5.
Kramer, A.E., Mosquera.J.G. and prodnguez, E. (2008). Ethnobotony and biological activity of plants utility during pregnancy and childbirth in peruvian Amazon.
Moronkola, D.O, Adeleke A,K, and Eknday O,O. (2003). “Constitution of the Spondias mombin and the comparison between its fruits and leaf essential oils” .J. Essential oil Bearing plants, 6:148-152.
Sofowora, A. (1993). “Medicinal plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa” Spectrum books Ltd, Ibadan Nigeria. Pp: 9-25
Njoku and Akumefula, (2007) M.I, phytochemical and nutrient evaluation of Spondias mombin leaves.Nigeria journal of food nutrition, 20:40:50
