Aquifer Characteristics And Groundwater Potentials of Crystalline Basement Complex of (Parts of Sheets 57 Bichi Se, 58 Kunya Sw, 80 Kabo Ne, And 81 Wudil Nw) Kano, North Western Nigeria
Aquifer Characteristics And Groundwater Potentials of Crystalline Basement Complex of (Parts of Sheets 57 Bichi Se, 58 Kunya Sw, 80 Kabo Ne, And 81 Wudil Nw) Kano, North Western Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
The work was carried out on the basement complex of Kano metropolis to investigate into the aquifer characteristics and groundwater potentials of the area, in order to reveal the nature, quality and occurrence of groundwater.
The geological mapping was carried out using topographical map on a scale of 1:50,000. A vertical electrical sounding (VES) was conducted using Ohmega resistivity meter with Schlumberger configuration.
Pump test data of boreholes from the area were used for the determination of aquifer characteristics, which includes; transmissivity (T), hydraulic conductivity (k), and storage coefficient (S).
Field study have shown that the area is underlain by schists, granites (porphyritic & biotite granites), and diorites. There are also minor intrusions of quartz veins, and aplite dykes.
The trends of these structures show a predominating NW-SE direction. Vertical electrical soundings (VES) reveals that four(4) geoelecric layers, which include; topsoil/laterite/clay, weathered layer, fractured/fresh basement exists.
The weathered layer serves as an aquiferous zone; where it is extensively thick. Bedrock could also serves as an aquifer where it is extensively fractured.
Pumping test data obtained indicates that aquifer properties in the study area are of low potentials, which could be related to depth of the boreholes drilled and/or design.
The analysis and interpretation of groundwater chemistry of the area suggest concentration of Pb and Cd above WHO‟s maximum permissible limits of 0.01mg/l and 0.03mg/l respectively, in about 93% of the samples analysed.
That is a dangerous proportion, as they are known to be very dangerous to human health. Therefore Government should provide waste management disposal systems and proper monitoring of waste discharges by industries in the area.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ii
Certification………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iii
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. iv
Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. vi
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… vii
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………………………… viii
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… xii
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. xiv
List of Plates………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. xv
List of Appendices………………………………………………………………………………………………………. xvi
Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….xvii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
- Background…………………………………………………………………………………………………….1
- Aim of the Study……………………………………………………………………………………………..2
- Objectives………………………………………………………………………………………………………2
- Significance of the Study………………………………………………………………………………….2
- Location and Accessibility of the Study Area…………………………………………………….. 2
- Relief and Drainage…………………………………………………………………………………………3
- Climate, Vegetation and Land Use…………………………………………………………………….4
- Climate…………………………………………………………………………………………………..4
- Vegetation………………………………………………………………………………………………5
- Human Geography………………………………………………………………………………….5
- Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………………………….. 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
- Previous Work……………………………………………………………………………………………………….6
- Geology and Hydrogeology of Crystalline Basement Complex Rocks of Nigeria………….. 9
- Geology of Crystalline Basement Complex Rocks………………………………………………9
- Hydrogeology of Basement Aquifers………………………………………………………………. 11
- Development of Groundwater……………………………………………………………………………….. 12
- Exploration Approaches……………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
- Structural control of groundwater occurrence………………………………………………………….17
- Geology and Hydrogeology of the Study Area……………………………………………………….. 18
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
- Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
- Desk Studies………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
- Geological mapping of the Study Area………………………………………………………………….. 22
- Geophysical Investigation…………………………………………………………………………………… 22
- Measurement of Hydrogeological Data………………………………………………………………… 23
- Aquifer Properties……………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
- Lineament mapping…………………………………………………………………………………………….26
- Collection of Water Samples……………………………………………………………………………….. 26
- Laboratory Work…………………………………………………………………………………………28
- Interpretation of Groundwater Chemistry……………………………………………………..28
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
- Geology……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
- Schists…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
- Diorites……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
- Granites…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
- Porphyritic granite…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
- Biotite granite……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
- Structures………………………………………………………………………………………………………….34
- Joints and Fractures…………………………………………………………………………………..34
- Foliations…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
- Minor Intrusions………………………………………………………………………………………..34
- Structures………………………………………………………………………………………………………….34
- Quartz vein……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34
- Aplite dyke……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
- Geophysical Results……………………………………………………………………………………………35
- Discussion of Geophysical Results……………………………………………………………….38
- Groundwater Configuration Maps……………………………………………………………………….40
- Static Water Level at Peak of Dry Season……………………………………………………..41
- Static Water Level at Peak of Wet Season……………………………………………………..43
- Discussion of Groundwater Configuration Maps…………………………………………..43
- Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers………………………………………………………………………….45
- Discussions of Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers……………………………………………49
- Lineament analysis and Groundwater potentials…………………………………………………..51
- Ground Water Chemistry……………………………………………………………………………………56
- Physical Parameters…………………………………………………………………………………..56
- Chemical ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 61
- Discussion of Groundwater Chemistry…………………………………………………………72
- Geophysical Results……………………………………………………………………………………………35
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 78
- Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 80
- Recommendation………………………………………………………………………………………………. 81
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..82
Appendices 86
INTRODUCTION
BACK GROUND
Groundwater is a vital resource, with a large fraction of the world‟s population relying on the resource directly or indirectly for livelihoods (Sanjay, 2010).
Much of the groundwater can be said to be meteoric in origin. Also, a small percentage is known to enter the hydrologic cycle from subterranean sources and is described as juvenile water.
This water includes water of magmatic and volcanic sources, while connate water is entrapped between the interstices of sedimentary formations.
However, in order to tap this resource, a hydraulic structure called borehole is sunk into the ground, which when properly drilled, designed, and developed, will permit economic withdrawal of water from an aquifer.
According to this research, shallow boreholes are those drilled to a depth of <60m, while deep boreholes are drilled to a depth of >70m, because many believed that fractures closes within 70m depth.
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CSN Team.
