Assesment of Groundwater Quality From Boreholes And Hand-Dug Wells Around Obajana Cement Factory And Its Environs In Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria.
Assesment of Groundwater Quality From Boreholes And Hand-Dug Wells Around Obajana Cement Factory And Its Environs In Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria.
Abstract
The groundwater (hand dug wells and boreholes) qualities of Obajana in Kogi State were determined. The study consisted of the determination of some heavy metals and physicochemical properties in drinking water samples.
Ten (10) samples each of groundwater were collected from the four sampling sites The samples were analysed for the following parameters iron, copper,
manganese, zinc, lead, nitrates, sulphate, phosphate, colour, dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen( DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), temperature, turbidity, total hardness and total alkalinity using standard method.
The data showed the variation of the investigated parameters in samples as follows: temperature 26-30oC, pH 5.53-7.89, electrical conductivity (EC) 6.210-339.670 µS/cm, total hardness 50.00- 424.20 mg/l, alkalinity 1.10-145.67mg/l,
turbidity 0.00-34 FTU, colour 5-15TCU, phosphate 0.02-0.760 mg/l, nitrate 10.24-48.20mg/l, sulphate 24.70-222.13mg/l, dissolved oxygen 0.2-1.8 mg/l, BOD 0.2-1.0mg/l, COD 1.1-3.2mg/l, Cu 0.00.1-0.10mg/l , Fe 0.01-0.060mg/l, Zn 0.029-5.046mg/l, Mn 0.0-0.44mg/l and Pb 0.0348-1.046mg/l.
The concentrations of some of the investigated parameters in the drinking water samples from the research region were above the permissible limits of the World Health Organization standard for drinking water quality guidelines.
Table of contents
Title page iii
Declaration iv
Certification v
Dedication vi
Acknowledgement vii
Abstract viii
Table of contents ix
List of figures xiii
List of tables xiv
Abbreviations xvi
Chapter One 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Water 1
1.2 Portland Cement 4
1.3 Justification 5
1.4 Aim of Study 5
1.6 Objectives 5
1.7 Scope of Work 6
Chapter Two 7
Literature Review 7
2.1 Water 7
2.2 Cement 7
2.3 Sources of Water 8
2.4 Wells 8
2.5 Wells Contamination 9
2.6 Groundwater Pollution 12
2.7 Physicochemical Properties of Water 13
2.7.1 pH of water 13
2.7.2 Standard of pH 13
2.7.3 Potential health effect of pH 14
2.7.4 Treatment 14
2.7.5 Dissolved solid (DS) 14
2.7.6 Sources of DS 15
2.7.7 Potential health effect of DS 15
2.7.8 Standard of DS 15
2.7.9 Turbidity 15
2.7.10 Sources of turbidity 16
2.7.11 Potential effect of turbidity 16
2.7.12 Standard of turbidity 16
2.7.13 Electrical conductivity 17
2.7.14 Hardness of water 17
2.7.15 Potential health effect of hardness of water 18
2.7.16 Nitrates in water 18
2.7.17 Sources of nitrates in water 19
2.7.18 Potential health effect of nitrate 19
2.7.19 Standard of nitrate 20
2.7.20 Sulphates in water 20
2.7.21 Sources of sulphate 20
2.7.22 Potential health effect of sulphate 21
2.7.23 Standards of sulphate 21
2.7.24 Colour 21
2.7.25 Alkalinity 22
2.7.26 Chemical oxygen demand 22
2.7.27 Biological oxygen demand 23
2.7.28 Dissolved oxygen 23
2.8 Metallic Pollutant 23
2.8.1 Heavy metals effect 23
2.8.2 Lead 24
2.8.3 Manganese 25
2.8.4 Copper 26
2.8.5 Zinc 26
2.8.6 Iron 27
2.9 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Analysis 27
2.9.1 Theory of AAS 28
Chapter Three 29
Methodology 29
3.1 Study Area 29
3.2 Sampling Site 30
3.3 Sample Collection 30
3.4 Preparation of Aqueous Stock Solution 42
3.4.1 Sodium nitrate solution 42
3.4.2 Iron solution 42
3.4.3 Copper solution 42
3.4.4 Lead solution 42
3.4.5 Zinc solution 42
3.4.6 Manganese solution 43
3.5 Measurement of Physiochemical Parameters 43
3.5.1 Determination of temperature 43
3.5.2 Determination of pH 43
3.5.3 Determination of colour 43
3.5.4 Determination of conductivity 44
3.5.5 Determination of turbidity 44
3.5.6 Determination of total hardness 45
3.5.7 Determination of dissolved solid 45
3.5.8 Determination of chemical oxygen demand 46
3.5.9 Determination of dissolved oxygen 46
3.5.10 Determination of biological oxygen demand 47
3.5.11 Determination of nitrate 47
3.5.12 Determination of total alkalinity 48
3.6 Digestion of Water Sample 48
3.7 Procedure for Water Digestion 49
3.8 Statistical Analysis 49
Chapter Four 50
Results 50
4.1 Physicochemical Parameters 50
4.2 Correlation Matrix for Physicochemical Parameters 50
4.3 Heavy Metals Comparison in Water Samples 50
4.4 WHO Standard for Heavy Metals 50
4.5 Mean values of Compounds and Heavy Metals 50
4.6 Cluster Analysis 50
4.7 Analysis for Turbidity,Nitrate, Zinc, Manganese and Lead 50
Chapter five 74
Discussion 74
5.1 Temperature and pH 74
5.2 Conductivity and Dissolved Solids 75
5.3 Turbidity 75
5.4 Dissolved Oxygen, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand 76
5.5 Total Hardness 77
5.6 Colour 77
5.7 Total Alkalinity 77
5.8 Ions and Nutrients 78
5.9 A Comparison of Concentration of Metal ions in Water and WHO Standard 79 5.9.1 Copper 79
5.9.2 Iron 80
5.9.3 Manganese 80
5.9.4 Zinc 80
5.9.5 Lead. 81
Chapter Six 83
Summary, Conclusions And Recommendations 83
6.1 Summary 83
6.2 Conclusions 83
6.3 Recommendations 84
References 86
Introduction
Water is essential to maintain and sustain human life, animals and plants (Patil and Patil, 2010), this is because it constitutes to a large extent, the major solvent in which many of the body’s proteins and other substances are dissolved.
It enables many metabolic activities of the body to take place (Davis, 2005).Water is essential for growing food, for domestic uses and as a critical factor in industries, tourism and cultural purpose as it helps in sustaining the earth’s ecosystem (Mark et al. 2002).
Water covers 70.9% of the earth’s surface, and is vital for all known forms of life. On earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor and precipitation.
Oceans hold 97% of surface water, 2.4% for glaciers and polar ice caps, and 0.6% for other land surface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds.
A very small amount of the earth’s water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products (Wikipedia, 2010).
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