Impact Of Climate Change On Fisheries And Aquaculture
Impact of Climate Change On Fisheries And Aquaculture.
Abstract
This study examines the major effects of climate change on Fisheries and Aquaculture. Factors responsible for climate change which include the burning of fuel, oil, coal, gas, deforestation among others cause the emission of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide) into the atmosphere with resultant global warming leading to climate change.
The main elements of climate change that would impact Fisheries and Aquaculture production such as global warming, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, and ocean salinity, density, and stratification were properly looked at and the reasons for their effects were addressed.
The different impacts of climate change that are experienced in varying degrees can be either positive or negative which can occur directly or indirectly depending on the different culture systems that are practiced.
The direct effect act on the physiology, growth rate, reproduction, behavior, and survival of individual while indirect effect act on ecosystem processes and changes in the production of food or abundance of competitors, predators, and pathogen.
The major impact of climate change on Fisheries and Aquaculture was carefully discussed as well as the adaptation and mitigation strategies that should be adopted by the society to ameliorate the harsh effect of climate change and the subsequent global warming.
Table of Contents
Title page – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – i
Approval page – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgment – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – iv
Abstract. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – v
Table of content – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – vi
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1
1.1 General background of climate change. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -2
Chapter Two
2.1 Factors responsible for climate change. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6
2.2 Aspect of climate change that will impact on Fisheries and Aquaculture. – – – -6
2.2.1 Global warming. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -7
2.2.2 Rising sea level. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10
2.2.3 Ocean acidification. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -11
2.2.4 Ocean salinity, density and stratification. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12
2.3 Impact of climate change on Fisheries. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -13
2.3. 1Physiological effect of climate change on fish. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -14
2.3.2 Spawning. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15
2.3.3 Change in distribution and abundance of fish species. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16
2.3.4 Species invasions and diseases. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -17
Chapter Three
3.0 Impact of climate change on Aquaculture. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -19
3.1 Direct impact. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – 19
3.1.1 Inland aquaculture. – – – — – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -19
3.1.2 Occurence of extreme climatic events. – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – – – – 21
3.1.3 Water stress. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – 22
3.2 Indirect impact. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – -23
3.2.1 Fish meal and fish oil supplies. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – – – – 24
3.2.2 Impact on disease. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – – – 26
3.2.3 Impact on biodiversity. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – – -27
Chapter Four
4.0 Mitigation and adaptation to climate change. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 29
4.1 Climate change adaptation in Fisheries and Aquaculture. – – – – – – – – – – – 29
4.1.1 Potential adaptation measures in Fisheries. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 29
4.1.2 Potential adaptation measures in Aquaculture. – – – – – – — – – – – – – – – 31
4.2 Achievable mitigation measures. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – – – – 37
4.2.1 Mitigation in Fisheries production system. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 37
4.2.2 Mitigation in Aquaculture production system. – – – – – – – — – – – – – – – – 38
4.3 Role of government in adaptation and mitigation. – – – – – – — – – – – – – – – 38
4.4 Constrained to adaptation and mal-adaptation. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 41
Chapter Five
5.0 Conclusion. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -43
5.1 Recommendation. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 48
References. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – 49
Introduction
Background to the Study
Climate changes appear to be putting Nigeria’s agriculture system under serious threat and stress. This study of the impacts of climatic change on agricultural production in Nigeria is very critical given its impact on changing livelihood patterns in the country.
According to Ogen (2007), the agricultural sector has a multiplier effect on any nation’s socio-economic and industrial fabric because of the multifunctional nature of the sector.
Agricultural production remains the main source of livelihood for most rural communities in developing countries, Nigeria in particular. Agriculture provides a source of employment for more than 60% of the rural population and contributes about 30% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). (Mayong, 2005).
In Nigeria, agriculture is the main source of food and employer of labor (mayong, 2005). As a result of the abnormalities in climate changes, holistic approaches are required in Nigeria to tide the erratic rainfall pattern that is currently hampering agriculture yields since the 1970s.
Climate factors play an important role in the realization of higher or lower agricultural production such knowledge of those factors is necessary to policymakers and the subsistence/commercial farmers.
Since agriculture in Nigeria is mostly rain-fed, it follows therefore that any change in climate is bound to impact its production in particular and other socio-economic activities in the country.
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