– WAEC Forestry Syllabus –
Syllabus 2021 is Out: The Forestry 2021/2022 West African Examination Council (WAEC) Syllabus is aiming at preparing candidates for the Board’s examination.
PREAMBLE
They have structured the Syllabus to assess candidates’ knowledge of forestry and forest conservation.
It will also assess candidates’ knowledge and skills in forestry practices that will form the basis for sound tertiary education in forestry and also make them employable in the forestry industry and related disciplines.
AIMS OF THE SYLLABUS
The syllabus will seek, among others, to assess candidates’
(1) appreciation of the importance of forests to life;
(2) knowledge and skills in current forestry practices;
(3) understanding of the effects of population growth on forests;
(4) understanding of the causes and effects of forest degradation;
(5) understanding of the regulations governing the use of the forests and forest resources;
(6) knowledge of the functions of forestry sector institutions;
(7) basic skills in establishing and managing forest plantations;
(8) ability to contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of forests.
REQUIREMENTS
(1) Schools offering forestry are expected to keep demonstration plots where a variety of both indigenous and exotic forest trees are grown and maintained to develop their skills in the management of forest stands.
(2) We recommend that students of the subject should visit forest reserves, national parks, zoos and forest plantations, forestry institutions and industries for experiential learning as part of their course work.
(3) They also recommended that they will keep practical notebooks and specimen albums. These should contain records of activities based on laboratory, nursery and field observations to develop their documentation skills.
EXAMINATION SCHEME
There will be three papers, papers 1, 2 and 3 all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be a composite paper to be taken in one sitting.
PAPER 1: This will comprise fifty multiple choice objective questions, all of which must be answered within 1 hour for 50 marks.
PAPER 2: This will comprise six essay-type questions. They will require candidates to answer four questions within 2 hours for 20 marks each.
PAPER 3: This will be a practical paper for school candidates or an alternative to a practical work test for private candidates. It will comprise four questions you must answer, all of which are within 2hours for 60 marks.
SCOPE OF CONTENTS
Questions will be set on the topics listed in the column headed ‘content’. The notes should show the questions but are not to be considered as an exhaustive list of limitations and illustrations.
| CONTENTS |
NOTES |
SECTION A
INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY
1. Basic concepts of forest and forestry.
2. Introduction to Forest Ecology. (a) Concept of forest
Ecology.
(b) Forest Ecosystem
(c) Ecosystem functions
3. Ecological Zones
(a) Vegetation Zones
(b) Factors Affecting
Distribution of
Vegetation.
(c) Forest Types
(i) Comparison of
Forest Types.
(ii) Land use
Practices.
(d) Major Forest Types in Relation to Latitudes.
4. Introduction to
Wildlife
(a) Concept of
Wildlife
(b) Identification of
Wildlife species
(c) Importance of
Wildlife
(d) Endangered, Rare and Common Wildlife Species
(e) Wildlife Reserves
(f) Wildlife Management
Practices
5. Plant parts and Tree
Identification
(a) Plant Parts and
Functions
(b) Identification of Trees
SECTION B
FOREST ESTATES
1. Concept of Forest Estates
2. Management of Forest Estates
3. Current State of the Forest
4. Protective Measures
5. Deforestation
(a) Forms and Causes
(b) Effects of defore-station
(c) Control of Deforestation
6. Reforestation, Afforestation and Reafforestation.
7. Natural Regeneration
(a) Concept of natural regeneration
(b) Factors influencing
the choice of natural regeneration
(c) Succession in natural regeneration
(d) Intervention methods during natural regeneration
(e) Other intervention measures
(i) Agro-forestry
(ii) Taungya Practices
8. Artificial Regeneration
9. Invasive Alien species
SECTION C
PLANTATION
ESTABLISHMENT AND,
FOREST
MENSURATION
1. Plantation Development
(a) Factors influencing
plantation development
(b) Plantation Planning
and Design
2. Nursery Establishment
(a) Cultural Practices
(b) Nursery Tools and Equipment
(c) Nursery Pests and Diseases
(d) Costing Nursery Establishment
3. Planting and Tending
(a) Land Preparation
(b) Seedling Planting
(c) Tending Operations
(d) Operational Costs
4. Forest Mensuration
(a) Meaning, Importance and Purpose
(b) Measuring Instruments
and Equipment
(c) Enumeration of Growing Stock and Sampling Methods.
(d) Surveys
SECTION D
HARVESTING AND MARKETING OF FOREST RESOURCES
1. Harvesting of Timber
(a) Factors to con-
sider/Pre-harvesting
activities.
(b) Procedures to
follow
(c) Log Markings
(d) Harvesting,
Extraction and
Transportation
Processes
(e) Harvesting
Equipment and
Safety Measures
2. Harvesting of Non-
Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
3. Uses of Harvested
Forest Products
4. Harvesting of Wildlife
5. Harmful Wildlife
Harvesting Practices.
6. Marketing of Forest
Products
(a) Classification of
forest products
(b) Contribution of
forest products to
national economy
(c) Demand for forest
products
(i) Factors affecting
demand for forest
products
(ii) Types of forest
products demanded
by the local market
and foreign market
(iii) Differences in
demand for products
(iv) Socio-economic
benefits and effects of demand for product
7. Marketing Agencies and
their functions
8. Forest Industries
(a) Timber Industries
and Timber Products.
(b) Career and Training
Opportunities
9. Establishing enterprises
in forestry
SECTION E
FORESTRY SECTOR
STRUCTURES
1. Policy-making,
Implementation,
Monitoring and
Evaluation.
2. Training and Research
3.Rights to Forest Resources
(a) Types of Rights
(b) Acquisition of Rights
(c) Violation of Rights
4. Role of Stakeholders
5. Land Tenure Systems
(a) Types of Land
Tenure Systems
(b) Role of Stools, Skins
and Central Govern-
ment in Land Ownership
(c) Land Registration
(d) Impact of Land Tenure on Land use.
6.Forest Policy and Law
SECTION F
INCOME GENERATION
VENTURES
(1) Cultivation of Mushroom
(a) Importance and uses of mushroom
(b) Biology of mushroom
(i) Classification of fungi
(ii) Poisonous and Non-poisonous mushroom/Commercial and Non-commercial Mushroom
(iii) Commonly cultivated mushroom in West Africa
(iv) Nutrition of mushroom
(v) Life cycle of mushroom
(vi) Methods of mushroom cultivation
(vii) Production practices
(viii) Harvesting of mushroom
(ix) Post-harvest handling
2. Beekeeping
(a) Importance of beekeeping
(b) Apiary establishment
(c) Members of honey bee colony and their roles
(c) Management of an apiary-routine practices and precautions
(d) Maturity of colony, harvesting and processing.
(e) Marketing of honey and other products
G. PRACTICAL
SYLLABUS
1.Inroduction to Wildlife and Plant Identification.
2. Tools, Equipment and Machinery
3. Nursery practices
4. Plantation Establishment: Land preparation
5. Forest Mensuration
6. Harvesting of Forest Resources
(1) Methods of Harvesting Timber
(2) Methods of Harvesting Non-timber Forest Products (Plants and Animals)
7. Processing of Forest Resources
(1) Timber
(2) Non-Timber Forest Products
8. Income Generating Ventures
(1) Mushroom Cultivation
(2) Beekeeping
|
|
A
INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY
1. Basic concepts of forest and forestry.
2. Introduction to Forest Ecology. (a) Concept of forest
Ecology.
(b) Forest Ecosystem
(c) Ecosystem functions
3. Ecological Zones
(a) Vegetation Zones
(b) Factors Affecting
Distribution of
Vegetation.
(c) Forest Types
(i) Comparison of
Forest Types.
(ii) Land use
Practices.
(d) Major Forest Types in Relation to Latitudes.
4. Introduction to
Wildlife
(a) Concept of
Wildlife
(b) Identification of
Wildlife species
(c) Importance of
Wildlife
(d) Endangered, Rare and Common Wildlife Species
(e) Wildlife Reserves
(f) Wildlife Management
Practices
5. Plant parts and Tree
Identification
(a) Plant Parts and
Functions
(b) Identification of Trees
SECTION B
FOREST ESTATES
1. Concept of Forest Estates
2. Management of Forest Estates
3. Current State of the Forest
4. Protective Measures
5. Deforestation
(a) Forms and Causes
(b) Effects of defore-station
(c) Control of Deforestation
6. Reforestation, Afforestation and Reafforestation.
7. Natural Regeneration
(a) Concept of natural regeneration
(b) Factors influencing
the choice of natural regeneration
(c) Succession in natural regeneration
(d) Intervention methods during natural regeneration
(e) Other intervention measures
(i) Agro-forestry
(ii) Taungya Practices
8. Artificial Regeneration
9. Invasive Alien species
SECTION C
PLANTATION
ESTABLISHMENT AND,
FOREST
MENSURATION
1. Plantation Development
(a) Factors influencing
plantation development
(b) Plantation Planning
and Design
2. Nursery Establishment
(a) Cultural Practices
(b) Nursery Tools and Equipment
(c) Nursery Pests and Diseases
(d) Costing Nursery Establishment
3. Planting and Tending
(a) Land Preparation
(b) Seedling Planting
(c) Tending Operations
(d) Operational Costs
4. Forest Mensuration
(a) Meaning, Importance and Purpose
(b) Measuring Instruments
and Equipment
(c) Enumeration of Growing Stock and Sampling Methods.
(d) Surveys
SECTION D
HARVESTING AND MARKETING OF FOREST RESOURCES
1. Harvesting of Timber
(a) Factors to con-
sider/Pre-harvesting
activities.
(b) Procedures to
follow
(c) Log Markings
(d) Harvesting,
Extraction and
Transportation
Processes
(e) Harvesting
Equipment and
Safety Measures
2. Harvesting of Non-
Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
3. Uses of Harvested
Forest Products
4. Harvesting of Wildlife
5. Harmful Wildlife
Harvesting Practices.
6. Marketing of Forest
Products
(a) Classification of
forest products
(b) Contribution of
forest products to
national economy
(c) Demand for forest
products
(i) Factors affecting
demand for forest
products
(ii) Types of forest
products demanded
by the local market
and foreign market
(iii) Differences in
demand for products
(iv) Socio-economic
benefits and effects of demand for product
7. Marketing Agencies and
their functions
8. Forest Industries
(a) Timber Industries
and Timber Products.
(b) Career and Training
Opportunities
9. Establishing enterprises
in forestry
SECTION E
FORESTRY SECTOR
STRUCTURES
1. Policy-making,
Implementation,
Monitoring and
Evaluation.
2. Training and Research
3.Rights to Forest Resources
(a) Types of Rights
(b) Acquisition of Rights
(c) Violation of Rights
4. Role of Stakeholders
5. Land Tenure Systems
(a) Types of Land
Tenure Systems
(b) Role of Stools, Skins
and Central Govern-
ment in Land Ownership
(c) Land Registration
(d) Impact of Land Tenure on Land use.
6.Forest Policy and Law
SECTION F
INCOME GENERATION
VENTURES
(1) Cultivation of Mushroom
(a) Importance and uses of mushroom
(b) Biology of mushroom
(i) Classification of fungi
(ii) Poisonous and Non-poisonous mushroom/Commercial and Non-commercial Mushroom
(iii) Commonly cultivated mushroom in West Africa
(iv) Nutrition of mushroom
(v) Life cycle of mushroom
(vi) Methods of mushroom cultivation
(vii) Production practices
(viii) Harvesting of mushroom
(ix) Post-harvest handling
2. Beekeeping
(a) Importance of beekeeping
(b) Apiary establishment
(c) Members of honey bee colony and their roles
(c) Management of an apiary-routine practices and precautions
(d) Maturity of colony, harvesting and processing.
(e) Marketing of honey and other products
G. PRACTICAL
SYLLABUS
1.Inroduction to Wildlife and Plant Identification.
2. Tools, Equipment and Machinery
3. Nursery practices
4. Plantation Establishment: Land preparation
5. Forest Mensuration
6. Harvesting of Forest Resources
(1) Methods of Harvesting Timber
(2) Methods of Harvesting Non-timber Forest Products (Plants and Animals)
7. Processing of Forest Resources
(1) Timber
(2) Non-Timber Forest Products
8. Income Generating Ventures
(1) Mushroom Cultivation
(2) Be
ekeeping
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