Impact of British Colonial Agricultural Policies on Jama’are Emirate, 1900-1960
Impact of British Colonial Agricultural Policies on Jama’are Emirate, 1900-1960.
ABSTRACT
The British colonial policies on agriculture in Jama‘are Emirate were all designed to benefit the colonialist in their bid to obtain raw materials for their factories back home. Because of this the focus of the colonialist had always been the production of cash crops with the neglect of food crop.
This was to tell on the diet of the people as well as on the land. Colonialism has to do with the exploitation of not only the people but also the land and what was produced on it as the most important factor of production. This fact becomes clear through a look at the policies as well as the general activities of the colonialists in this area.
Throughout the colonial period evidence abound as to the importance of the agricultural produce of this area. It is therefore the aim of this study to bring this issue out by focusing on the introduction and implementation of the colonial agricultural policies.
Agriculture has always been and still is the major employer of labor in Nigeria despite the fact that it is being run by the peasants under peasant conditions. The coming of the British and the importance which they placed on this sector did nothing to change this fact and was even perpetuated by them.
It is in a bid to investigate this development and explain why it is so that prompted this study. T his arrangement served a specific capitalist interest of the relationship between the centre and the periphery. Colonial agricultural policies were designed to take care of the factories back at the metropole.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page – – – – – – – – – i
Declaration – – – – – – – – – ii
Certification – – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgments – – – – – – – – – v
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – vi
Table of Contents – – – – – – – – – vii
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study – – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of Research Problem- – – – – – 7
1.3 Statement of Aim and Objectives – – – – – 8
1.4 Justification and Significance of the Study – – – – 8
1.5 Literature Review – – – – – – – 10
1.6 Theoretical Framework- – – – – – – 19
1.6.1 Development – – – – – – – – 19
1.6.2 Underdevelopment – – – – – – – 22
1.7 Scope of the Study- – – – – – – – 30
1.8 Definition of Concepts – – – – – – – 32
1.8.1 Agriculture – – – – – – – – 32
1.8.2 Colonialism – – – – – – – – – 33
1.8.3 Policy- – – – – – – – – – 35
1.8.4 Agricultural Policy – – – – – – – 37
1.8.5 Colonial Policy – – – – – – – 38
1.9 Methodology – – – – – – – – – 39
1.9.1 Primary Sources- – – – – – – – 39
1.9.2 Secondary Sources- – – – – – – – 40
1.10 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 40
CHAPTER TWO THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE OF JAMA’ARE EMIRATE
2.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 41
2.2 Location of Jama‘are Emirate – – – – – – 41
2.3 The Land and the People: Historical Background of Jama‘are Emirate – 44
2.4 Geographical Features of Jama‘are Emirate – – – – – 46
2.4.1 The Climate – – – – – – – – – 48
2.4.2 The Vegetation – – – – – – – 51
2.5 Settlement Pattern of Jama‘are Emirate – – – – – 51
2.6 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 52
CHAPTER THREE PRE-COLONIAL AGRICULTURE IN JAMA’ARE EMIRATE
3.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 53
3.2 Land Tenure – – – – – – – – – 55
3.3 Agricultural Production – – – – – – – 59
3.4 Pastoralism – – – – – – – – – 64
3.6 Taxation – – – – – – – – – 69
3.7 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 71
CHAPTER FOUR BRITISH COLONIAL AGRICULTURAL POLICIES FROM 1900-1938
4.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 73
4.2 British Colonial Conquest of Jama‘are Emirate – – – – 74
4.3 Administrative Re-Organization – – – – – – 80
4.4 Historical Trend of Colonial Agricultural Development Interventions in Nigeria – – – – – – – – 86
4.5 British Colonial Policy on Land – – – – – – 89
4.6 The Evolution of British Colonial Agricultural Policies in Northern Nigeria – – – – – – – – 95
4.7 Colonial Labor Policy and Agricultural Development – – – 99
4.8 Colonial Transport Policy and Agricultural Development – – – 105
4.9 Colonial Tax Policy and Agricultural Development – – – 109
4.9.1 Tax of Nomajidde – – – – – – – – 120
4.10 Foreign Companies and Agricultural Production – – – – 121
4.11 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 125
CHAPTER FIVE BRITISH COLONIAL AGRICULTURAL POLICIES 1939-1960
5.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 126
5.2 British Colonial Policy on Irrigation in Jama‘are Emirate – – 127
5.3 Introduction of the Colonial Mixed-Farming Scheme in Jama‘are Emirate- – – – – – – – – 136
5.4 Colonial Policy on Marketing of Agricultural Produce in Jama‘are Emirate – – – – – – – – 137
5.5 Expansion of Export Cash Crop Production in Jama‘are District – 138
5.6 Cash Crop Production and Sales in Jama‘are: The Example of Groundnut – – – – – – – – 140
5.7 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 156
CHAPTER SIX THE IMPACT OF BRITISH COLONIAL AGRICULTURAL POLICIES ON JAMA’ARE
6.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 157
6.2 Impact of the Colonial Agricultural Policies on Land Use in Jama‘are Emirate – – – – – – – – – 158
6.3 Impact of the Policies on Farmers – – – – – – 162
6.4 Impact of Colonial Agricultural Policies on Food Production in Jama‘are Emirate 167
6.5 The Impact on Local Industries – – – – – – 170
6.6 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 172
CHAPTER SEVEN GENERAL CONCLUSION – – – – – – – 174
BIBLIOGRAPHY – – – – – – – – – 177
INTRODUCTION
Jama‘are Emirate is an area whose main economic activity is agriculture in time past and in the present. The people of the area engage in the cultivation of crops such as F. muuri, H. gero- guinea corn,
F. gauri, H. dawa –sorghum, F. nebbe, wake- beans, F. biriji, H. gyada -groundnut, F. taamu, auduga– cotton, F. alkamari, H. alkama –wheat and F. durugo, H. kiwo -animal husbandry.
They also engaged both in rainy season and dry season farming. The colonialists had always focused their attention on the agricultural viability of their colony to the extent of even forcing the people to cultivate what they wanted, mostly commercial crops. They dictated everything, from the crops to be cultivated to the price of the crops.
The colonialist did not work with anyone or anything that was against their vested interest and the policies and ordinances were all beneficial to them alone. Along the line though, some Africans who were the middle men and chiefs also benefited from the activities of the colonialist.
The colonialist built roads, railways, schools, etc. these however, were part of the plan to maximize the exploitation of the people and the land. It is important to note that the land was exploited to its maximum to the point of depletion. This affected the development of the people, the economy and the land.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
NAK/BAUPROF/142/1949 Bauchi Division Native Administration Plantation 1933-1949
NAK/BAUPROF/171/1936 Forest Reserves Bauchi Division 1932-1936
NAK/BAUPROF/236/1933 Annual Return Bauchi Province 1933
NAK/BAUPROF/237/S.I/1950 Rainfall Stations Bauchi Province 1950
NAK/BAUPROF/237Vol III/1946 Rainfall and Crop Prospects Reports on 1940-1946
NAK/BAUPROF/237 Vol. IV/1953 Rainfall and Crop Prospects Reports 1946-1953
NAK/BAUPROF/265 Vol. III/1938 Maps General 1932-1938
NAK/BAUPROF/276/1945 Taxation of Persons Residing in One Tax Area and Farming in another (Nomajidde Tax) 1926-1945
CSN Team.
